Everyone being here, BCA today, this morning or Thursday, October 29th, 2020. Thank today's probably going to be a fairly rainy day for at least the folks in eastern Virginia and in Northern Virginia. So hopefully if you get a chance to watch this recording this afternoon are the day or be with us live. Great opportunity to learn some information on today's topic of fall vegetable past updates. Pleased to be joined this morning by Mr. Tom cohort are Extension entomologist for vegetables as well as the ride RR Extension plant pathologist for vegetable production. So thank you both for being with us this morning. Thank you all for being here. Thank you to our guest speakers and TOM, Steve, whichever one of you like to go for R. So thank you for being here. Sure. Thank you, Robbie. Yeah. By the way, it's raining pretty heavily in southwestern Virginia too. I think our entire states get in it so good day to listen to zoom presentations, I guess. I, before I get going on some of the things I'd like to talk about regarding pests and some current issues on vegetables. I do want to thank some of the people that help provide the data. And definitely my, my crew, a grad students and and undergrads here in the blacks Berg area, we do a lot of work. You can't wind farm and end. Yeah, that whole farm crew. But none of vegetables has been fantastic. And then the eastern shore a wreck folks. And especially Allen Downey who oversees all our trials out there, still getting tremendous data from the eastern shore. So it's definitely didn't want to save that for last and not get to it. I want to thank everyone up front. So one issue that I got two different two different people asking me what to do about this this year. So I'm guessing it has been an issue with some of your growers. And that is these, these dead, dead brassica seedlings could be broccoli, cabbage, doesn't matter. And then you pull that thing up and then he's little, these little maggots or crow and out of the stem, out of the roots. At two different emails about this. And it is a, it is a big crowd and this is cabbage magnet. And this is a kind of a house fly looking fly, but it's a little smaller and can go through multiple generations and about usually less than 30 days, it's going to, it's going to cycle through and there's gonna be a new wave of adults. Adults lay their eggs at the base of plants, so they find the brassica seedlings, dropped their eggs and that soil. And they're usually looking for high organic matter soil. So they are the worst on organic farms that have really done a good job of building up organic matter. But that's just perfect for these flies. So they, they lay a lot of eggs and their maggots hatch and you see what it does to the, to the brassica. So that's the, that's the problem. What to do about it? Well, I will say that there's a lot of research that was done on when can you spray foliar, like pyrethroids, like knock down insecticides, broad spectrums. And the answer to that is that doesn't work. It is like Jason, you keep spray in the seedlings keep growing and the flies keep coming in. It's just any, any end up missing them. It's just something that is just too difficult to do. So you gotta put something down at planning. And one of the best insecticides for this, for, for over a decade is Benkler peer foss inorganic phosphate. This is large band. And there's different ways of putting it down pre-plan at plant. You can even go after you plan and work it in. You've gotta look at the labels. You gotta look at the rate for the different application method because these things do change. But one thing I would like to say is that the manufacturer of Lord span, which is now accompany core TBA, is no longer manufacturing or pure a flaw, so no more lawyers ban. However, they're not the only manufacturers of four pair of false anymore. It's gone generic. So you see it's tons of different product names out there. Heck, you can get this. I can't believe it. It's, it seems like you can just get on Google and go buy a jug of pure floss manufactured somewhere. But those products should still be around. So and it seems where to start to talk. But by like I'm peddling inorganic phosphate. This is really the best insecticide for, for Cabbage magnets for a lot of the maggots and it is apparently still available, but this is one that you got to. Epa may take away completely in the coming years there. So are there alternatives you don't want to put third pier of false or if you can't get a hold of it, yeah, there are pyrethroids can go down, things like capture, LSR, sniper, other products, but they're okay, Large bands, probably a little bit better. But that is another option. Dyads and ions on there, it's another again and phosphate, but sometimes that's a little hard to get a hold of. But I want to, you want to talk about very mark, because this is a completely different VCE, this is a much safer insecticide, soil insecticide, it's a dynamite. So just like coercion as a diamond. And it's a lot safer for humans to be using once say, for all natural enemies and things like that. But drawback is it's a little more expensive. But I do want to say one other thing with with a product like bare mar, which now by the way is manufactured by FOMC. It was a DuPont product. Yeah, this is systemic. So not only is it going to control soil insects, but it's going to move up through the xylem and moved to the green tissue on the plant. And that provides control of a lot of different insects. So that gives you something that none of the others do as well. Why might that be important? While with brassicas, We have seen flea beetles get really bad in some years. It's particularly a spring problem, but these things can can go and into the fall brassicas as well. Especially if it stays warm and we have seen, so you get this kind of feeding going on, on the leaves and they're tiny beetles and you're wondering, is this really going to be yield loss? This is gonna be significant. I had a grad student looking at this James Mason in and it was signifigant. You don't see it, but you'll see it in the end when you take yield bit. And the Beatles feed known as young plants, ultimately result in smaller cabbage heads and just ultimately less, less yield. So it's, it's something to take seriously. And something like very mark will persist and other Shall we get two main ones that are feeding on Brassica as the striped Street, a lot of flea beetle and in cursive or flea beetle, both of them are out there and kind of equal numbers. They both do the same thing, true, these holes. But here's a trial goes back to 2015 now, but these were the soil applications. There's a couple neonicotinoids in their admire pro and venom. And then this very mark, this Dyamand. And we compare that with spray in every week with a with bifan. Pyrethroid. Actually mainly sprayed once. I'm sorry, that's a very great. But you know, all of these treatments initially controlled Beatles for about two weeks, moving in almost three weeks. So you, you can get pretty good coverage of protecting those young seedlings with, with all of these products. But the neonicotinoids venom is definitely the best at last the longest. But if you did put very markdown, you have flea beetle protection. So that step was kind of the point that I wanted to make. Something else. It's going to be very important to brassicas. It's really hard degree those in Virginia without having one of these worms show up and started to definitely the plants and then be there later to infest the heads are, or whatever it is that your ended up harvesting from your Brassica crops. So these are the main ones that we see in Virginia. The one in the top left diamond back moth is the smallest, but the most important because it's the one that's most resistant to insecticides and the hardest to kill. The rest of these pretty much can be taken out by a lot of different insecticides. But protecting yourself against these lipid opera and passed is, is very important as most of you know, if you've grown brassicas, I did want to talk about some of these dynamite insecticides that and be used as a transplant drench or put in Drip convocation. And it's got a lot of growers have switched to and are, and are doing almost regularly. And I think it's been a it's been very good for them. They, they've provided especially control up adopter and pests. Really good control. And three of the products that you can use for LEP adopter and tests are all die amides, courage and Mark and are Evo. Just to give you an example, this slide goes back a ways, but it was one of the ones that kind of showed the power of these dynamite put down in transplant water. And this was a cabbage trial done in, in the eastern shore. And just so we transplant water application of courage and AV protection all the way up to harvest and cabbage. This is the percentage of heads that had, that had worms that were damaged by worms and the controls on yellow and two Courage and rates are there and kind of the mustard color. And that was just unprecedented. We hadn't gotten that before. And a lot of growers have seen benefits of using something like that. So that, that was a, it's a very positive and these are, these are pretty good insecticides. But we, we're all afraid of this and that is. They're going to last that long and a plan or is something going to develop resistance to them? And the one that we feared was the one that has, and that's done it back. Moth 118 visited a farm and hills Ville, Virginia. They had applied CH origin and the plants look like they hadn't had a lot of time at maximum moths on I'm still the larvae and went out there and collected lays larvae from this field and brought him back, dip some cabbage leaves and spray tank concentration of origin. And then we get a control just to see whether origin would in fact kill the worms and actually 33% of them survived. And that's not good. The original bioassays we did, we got a 100% control with courage and in a bioassay like that. So that was an indication that we do have some issues and it's even popped up in Virginia. And he had document and that worldwide. I then back as n is developing resistance to, to die. And I, it's, it's showing up in big time and like the state of Georgia. But as that slide, previous slides shared, it's also popping up in Virginia. So we've got issues with what was a pretty good class of chemistry working against the worms that we've got one now it seems to be developing resistance, so we gotta manage this. So rotating to different insecticides is, is definitely the way to do that. And using things that also enhance the natural enemies. Basically don't, don't kill him is also a good thing because we get a lot, a lot of control, a lot of those as well. The good news is, and I've seen this in my 20-year career, is we have so many motive actions. Class of chemistry is to attack worms, caterpillars. And here's just a slide of the groupings. That number, by the way, refers to the the IRAC, IRAC, the insecticide resistance classification number. And this basically groups insecticides according to their modes of action. It just shows you a nice diversity of options menu. The one thing that most of these have is that they're pretty IPM friendly, except for the bottom left to pyrethroids and organophosphates, carbamates, They are not better, very toxic. But everything else is pretty IPM friendly and a lot of different options. I do while I have the slide up here, when I mentioned ivermectin to the left. This group has a product called proclaim op the, which is a new formulation of proclaim. It's a MOM, nekton, benzoate. They act, I'm angry. This is kind of expanded their label a little bit and I believe drop the price. So this is an insecticide, it's been around, but now they've kind of they're enhancing it and making it more available. And it's a good option because it's a completely different mode of action. And then the bottom right, I wanna mention of von E, though you may not have heard of that. There was a product called Yvon and now there's a new one that's going to be called Yvonne EVA. What's a difference? Swell. Change talent mix, mixes. They'd go into a a clay formulation rather than a more sucrose. It mixes alot easier and they've expanded their label. So this is labelled on a lot more vegetables than it used to be as well. All very good. Worm caterpillar materials city options are, are, are terrific right now. And that's a good thing. I do want to say this isn't all of them. And there's combo materials that mix two different classes of chemistry. All that kinda stuff is out there as well. But don't forget about b t. This is the one of the oldest lipid doctrine where materials, but still a lot of good attributes. Bt is courage. The soil bacteria protein. There's different proteins. Some in different strains of BTS like her stocky and his oddly that are different products out there. Detail javelin deliver and Centauri, NHGRI have a different one. These are really, really good for brassicas because they have to be ingested. An extremely IPM friendly because they don't harm anything else. And they really can get a good handle on the lapse without wiping out the system. So I really encourage the use of these in brassica systems. I think that's an excellent fit and it kills a lot of the worms and does an excellent job. So There's that. And the next thing I wanted to talk about is, and I've mentioned these are ready, somebody's soil applied systemic insecticides like the Diomedes and neonicotinoids. And I don't want to put this slide up because I rattle through talking about bees and I realized that it has gotten a little confusing for growers understanding what it is that they're putting out when. So I just wanted to kinda go through this one is the neonicotinoids. These have been around since the nineties. And so a lot of products admire platinum venom that fit this bill, and a lot of, a lot of other insecticides as well on generic versions of endemic lipid for instance. But these are Nao next, target, aphids, other who mocked or n-type feeders like leafhoppers, white flies, leaf feeding beetles and bugs, things like squash bugs, Harlequin bugs, as well as leaf miner. So they, they do very well on all those insects also provide a little bit of soil insect control as well. That's a great past spectrum. But the one thing missing are the caterpillars, the lipid officer. And so one concern with new annexes, they don't give you anything for worm control and that is true. So that's where the dynamite or better. They're outstanding. Great left materials, things like Origen burn marks that the newer one, little bit Hadley feeding Beatles with the diamonds. What are the other benefits of diamonds? Well, they're the safest, especially Corrigan. Not going to, not going to hurt the B Ben officials. But really are you're targeting your, your, your laps. The very mark is a little more broad spectrum. You're going to get things like thrifts, aphids. And unless we share it, it's very good for soil maggots as well. So. Another, another option for a dynamite. And then you got products like the repo, which combines both in a and ECAN to die and I, and you basically get everything. So that's kind of a rundown of options that you have for soil insecticides. And by the way, that was Brassica isn't a lot of that applies to other vegetables as well, your fruit and vegetables. Now we're going to transition a little bit into some other things that came up this year. And this is related to Q carpets, some late season problems. And this was one of my grad students shown Boyle who, who did provide some of the slides that you're going to see for this. Noticed his squash had this sometime in August. These were holes. Little, I guess less than a less than a pencil size diameter hole in a zucchini. And, and as you can see that on the pumpkin there with some solidus like for us, this is, this is pick a worm or an insect that has become an issue here. It seems like about three years, three years in a row, we've had problems with it. Which is kind of peculiar because for most of my career it was not a problem. That was something that they dealt with in the south. Reasons are it's a tropical insect. It farther second overwinter itself, Florida. So we shouldn't really be getting it. But we end up getting it. Or we have the last three years, it's made its way up here later in the season. So this, this n segments you them off there. Which gives you an idea if you see that thing flying around q curve ID fields, whether it is strap and eggs and flowers and the larvae are going to feed, bore some holes as you see in the bottom left, and then ultimately, we'll start burrowing into fruit. Cause and it has holes and numbers can get really high. And it's really a late season might seize and fast, although it's possible in eastern Virginia, Virginia Beach area that can arrive even as early as July. This is something we need to deal with now. The good news is it's not hard to kill if you do spray, but timing the spray and known and it's out there is the challenge. But pyrethroids worked very well. They're cheap. They'll get the job done if they're applied in a timely manner and will reduce this fruit damage. But come and there's tons of different pyrethroids out there. But the problems with those are that they are broad spectrum. You're killing a lot of things. You end up getting this happening more so than not. And q curve, it's specially pumpkins, that is outbreaks of aphids. And then you've got a serious problem on your hand. Did a heck of a job, Keep and pick a warm out, and then some other insects. And now you get aphid problems and you gotta deal with those. And I'm going to talk about in a second. But you spray your pyrethroids and you kill things like that lady beetle larva that was vacuuming up and cleaning them up. And the aphids are resistant for the very early and they just exploit. So what are, what are some options then? What do you, what do you tell me to do? I don't want the aphid problem. I don't want to pick a worm. Well, there are a lot of insecticides, these lipid after, and ones that I showed previously that that do a heck of a job on peck a warm and do not kill the natural enemies. Here's just some options here. And Helen ran a heck of a trial. We've never been able to get a pick a warm insecticide trail and my 20-year career working in vegetables, but we did this year. So she ran this trial in painter on zucchini and you see some of the products to the left. And really bottom line is everything provided, reductions of worms and the flowers, percentage of flowers that had holes. And then ultimately what we most care about as percentage of fruit with holes. We had about 16% damaged zucchini fruit and the control and virtually none when we put out one application of these, these products. So we got things at work. And that's, that's good to know when an insect that we needed. But monitoring is going to be really important. Something I want to work with in the future. But sup mouse I saw this year was just really, really high squash bug numbers. I don't know if you all saw the same thing in your areas, but squash bugs so high. There's the adult in the top left by the way, laying eggs, little gray nims, a feed cause, cause wilting. As they kill the leaf tissue. I saw entire plants dropped dead from 70 squash bugs feeding one image you see in the bottom left corner, that was a wilted plan from squash bug feeding. That was bad enough. But then I didn't even realize how bad of a free feeding pests squash bugs can be. But if you ever see these little white marks on the top left, that's on a, on a squash, zucchini squash that is feeding from the nymphs of squash bugs. And you may still be able to sell that, but I think when it gets too much, that's going to hurt marketability. And Steve can talk about this, but we've seen diseases, some, some like opera, opportunistic bacteria and stuff that when you have those feeding wounds that kinda opens it up to some other things that will grow on there and really make that fruit on marketable. So blogs are bigger pests than I ever thought. And this year was, was just crazy like killing plants, causing fruit damage. So again, you're left with what's the best thing for the squash bugs if he had them out there. Well, it was the pi r0 for so you just got this. What's the best thing to spray? It might, it might be pottery. Freud's. Just given your situation and your mix of paths that you have on these crops. But one thing you might consider to avoid the aphid problems is throwing at an eighth aside. There's a lot of excellent, excellent materials that we'll just clean up the aphids. And I'm not going to show you we do trials every year. One peppers, squash, sometimes brassicas, tomatoes. We test aphid APHA sides like you wouldn't believe. I'm not going to show you those slides, but I'm just going to tell you that all the products you see listed here are outstanding at controlling virtually all the aphids are gonna get. And some of the things that it considered our costs. I can't tell you anything about that. Depends where you get your insecticides. Lot of these are going to be a little bit, while they're all going to be more expensive than a pyrethroid, but they will control aphids. Pyrethroid, well, not. The other thing to think about is pollinator. Safety and you see kind of some issues there at terrorism, neonicotinoids, That would be bad. The spray is a foliar when you got blooming flowers and bees visiting him. But a sale is, is much safer. There would be a safer option, for instance. And then some of the ones in the bottom are much safer. So that's what I'm going to leave you with. What I wanted to talk about are things that I've counted, received questions about within the last seven days. And talk a little bit about planning to go forward and starting to think about 2021 already. So first of all, I want to talk about plexus 4m and pumpkin. And this was a huge, huge issue this year, unfortunately. And something that we're doing quite a bit of research on that. But David and I are looking at trying to come up with better management techniques. There's just not a lot known about this. Disease is on the rise. That's a little bit sporadic in terms of getting it so that we can do trials on it quite frequently. So it's frustrating to me, but something that we certainly are working on through support of edX in Virginia at council. Like this picture shows the symptoms that you see on the leaf. And these are just really, really ten prick lesions. You can see very tan shaped tan circular disc, pen create type lesions. And then you can look on the stems. And you see these little, little dots. That's black dysphoria. Um, sometimes I think if you look over here to the right, you probably have a little powdery makes them there. But these discrete pinprick type lesions that coalesce and make bigger ones. That's like exploring the more damaging portion of it. Not that that can't do damage to the bands and stuff in the field. But the more damage and part of it from remarkability standpoint is what you see on the fruit. You can see just again, these raised tan spotting on the fruit. They can be as little as a few spots to pretty much where this pumpkin is almost looks like it's white because of it. So you can see also in these infections on the stem and the handle, siloed greening here, that's probably due to premature bond decline. So you get things like that going on. Here's a close up of life. These lesions look like on the fruit. Again. They, they kind of start as individual lesions and then they can become larger ones. And there's some variability about how these look on different cultivars and stuff like that. I think there are different strains out there. There's some there's just a lot of stuff we don't now and we're trying to. Play ketchup some, uh, here's a severe problem. You can see where it basically has gotten into. So this fruit very early caused a lot of damage and the fruit, but look at this handle is just basically now the handle away. And those punk and just didn't even reach maturity. So it was a bad year for it. Again, where we're trying to figure out a little bit more about it. A few things that we can kind of say that we have learned. We know its soil borne, We know it survives on plant debris. It's typically something that we see more and so orally rotate with fields. But I'm going to tell you, this is not a 100% admission here has been really frustrating because I now up at some growers that, that I know Rotate pumpkin every Kiefer bits out every three years, where their own three-year rotation that had some bad point, dysphoria and problems. I've also had people that put pumpkins and a field where there have never been to curb cuts to their mileage and basically gets annihilated with black dysphoria. Him so more and more. I don't really feel like rotation plays a big part. And now with that being said, as the pathologist, I can't sit there and tell your math route. So for this and other diseases, favor by warm and wet weather, Well, we certainly had the moisture this year with record amount rains in some order. So the commonwealth there are no resistant varieties, but there are some differences were kind of, you know, when we hit the circuit this 100 new grower meetings to have a little bit more data on resistant variety. It's something that really are going to be focusing on in the next couple of years through some of these grants. And again, not only can you see a pumpkin, but you will see it in swag. Sometimes you'll see having cucumbers and some other carbons as well, but primarily pumpkin. And then again, probably next would be squash. So for control, what, what I'm recommending right now is basically a two to three-year crop rotation. And that's just not for black dysphoria moments for things like fuse area in the eastern and southern part of the state, southern blight. So there there are a lot of benefits. Of course, rotate, rotation, mulch is tillage. And we run the gambit on this went to Intel edge. That was thought that no till with help with like dysphoria him. But I've seen fields that have no or reduced tillage really get hammered by seeing conventional fields, both ends of the spectrum too. So there's very little RAM arrays and I do think the type of residue and the amount of residue has some impact on it. Select this forams that. Driven pathogens. So it's on the soil. When you get heavy rainfall, it's going to splash and the place some of that soil will swell is going to carry with it. If it lands on your fruit or you plant, then you'll have infection. So I think if you really, really heavily, you could see some impact there on the splash. But it also provides an area for it to survive. So there's no real reason there. Do what best fits your system. You know, and because I can't give you a consistent recommendation. So but there are some fungicides that help cloth LLL or or what has been called bravo or is registered and market as Bravo for many years is as good. It's a good start. A course that helps with other diseases to destroy billions are kind of what we have seen to be best on controlling black dysphoria. And we've kind of stepped away from these last few, probably decade or so. Just because, you know, powering Mel do is resistant, downy mildew is resistant. And they were just not a lot of benefits for just brand quadrotors or carry out your contents. We add these resistance problems and others. But these are the materials. The kind of work on this for m is seen. And then we will have some more information, hopefully in the next couple years. More specific. But just to kind of summarize, this is, this is what we have right now. In the last part, I actually want to talk about sanitation event filled with Matt and yearn with disease you learn every year. I've learned a lot about like this forum this year. I've actually seen things like lay flat irrigation hose, piano that has been utilized over pumpkin fields. I've seen disease be worse around that. So that would indicate that, you know, and I know that those was clean from the prior year, but indicates that you could have, you know, potentially if you have the Bri on it from previous seasons, it can overwinter and that debris. And if you put it into the field, that can be inoculation source. So it's just something to think about for the future. Around this time every year I get people asking, well, how do I make my pumpkin last longest? And some of this for marketing, some of it's just for personal use. People want their content to make it to things Yemen. And while the demand and pumpkin for doing it growing pumpkins has been so great this year. So you want to make them last. And so just want to go over the stores parameters that are best to maintain pumpkin integrity. 50 to 55 degrees Fahrenheit. You want about 50 to 75% relative humidity to keep it in good shape and avoid having it open to the elements. Avoid injuring the fruit the best you can if you're placing them. And one of the things that I often get questions about, Okay, well harvested a fruit, it's got soil on it. What do I do with it? You know, to clean that up. I don't like the practice dipping fruits and water just because you have open wounds, you have wounds that you can't even see him. Pumpkin, it's no pumpkins, perfect. It's kinda have abrasions just from growing. So you're introducing water and potentially a bacteria into those pores. So I don't like I don't really know a lot of pressure washing because I can do it well. But what you can do is basically just take a damp rag and rub it off. Actually looking at the sea and whether you bleach helps now or not. So that something like a 10% bleach. I can't say that will help wherever it at this point in time, but it's something that will be researched as well because they get a lot of questions about bleaching pumpkins for postharvest. So that I'm going to move on from the you go from Hong Kenzie and go over to brassicas, which is a pretty important crop in numerous locations and Virginia. And that there are some pretty severe disease problem set or you are in Chiara encountering this year and in years past, I'll turn area at least spot at rot has really increased. So that's the one I want to talk about first. We are part of a USDA funded project between University of Georgia for now in Nebraska, where we're actually trying to look at and controlling altered area, particularly on broccoli, but also other crops as well. So I'm going to show you some slides of this disease if you have a problem or, you know, grower that's having a problem, or you're just curious if you have some area and your breast is give me a call, shoot me a text email. I'd love to talk to you. One of the things that we're trying to do is come up with a, a library. And I speak of all the different altering area isolates that are here in the Commonwealth. And on these Goes to try to figure out how best can manage this through fungicides and not only fungicides, but resistant varieties as well. So one of the things that you see with, and this is a field of broccoli. And, and the reason why I wanted to talk to you about this is we actually have leads. We have brassica leads that could be a host of IT as well. But what it looks like, and this is on broccoli, see these around spots. And you see him in the leaves first. And here's a little close-up of what they look like. They look like a bull's up. This is very similar to early blight and tomato altered Mary or produces a pretty characteristic bulls-eye type lesion. And actually here these are our fruiting. You can see actually the black spores here forming Belgium area. That's, you know, and if you're growing, collared me an hour or something like that, this is really a problem because it, it's now going to decrease your marketability. And broccoli. It may not be quite as big of a deal on the leaves, but we're really does damage and where we really struggle with control within when it gets within the head. So in the picture here on the right, you can see these little portions where we have some form of browning yellowing. If you open that had up, you actually can see the fungus grind down within this broccoli head. So again, this is a big problem that we've seen and are, have. This can sometimes be confused with bacterial rotten brassicas. And again, it's just the matter of, of the circular round balls I type lesions versus these kind of angular lesions that come in on the plants. I hate to tell people to diagnose disease but smell. But, and this thing is really, really File said we have broccoli that sits really, really pungent odor. More unlikely as bacterial versus old scenario, which is, doesn't really have quite as much of the bellows face at all. Brassica stink when they're in, they're in decline. We really have problem with vector or in 2018. But those likely do to really, really warm September and fall and there were a lot of rainfall. So this winner or this falls differ a little bit and that we certainly had the rainfall, but we haven't quite had the warmth that we did in 2018, so it really blew up. This is mostly caused by pseudomonas and disease prevention starts with use and certified seed, Blaine's transplants seed. So you want to make sure you're getting from a reputable seed source to start. So with all that being said, these are two diseases that we have seen this year. And you know, really it's spray program on every seven or, or, and the days from transplanting on. You need copper in there pretty much every time to help deal with the vectorial issues. I don't really differentiate between the copper's. There's some that I like better than others just from a formulation standpoint. But you definitely need some copper in your tank. You can use chlorophyll and they'll OR Bravo again as a protected and also And that's open with the altar area, but really the the the chemicals that I recommend for for all its merrier quadrotors top and then alternate that works on tell us. So. Quadra stop, which is a mixture of as oxy strove and end up on Kanazawa at disturb failure and then it tries all and then you have found tell us which is a SD, SD fungicides, are you throwing three different mode of actions in here? They're like Tom talked about the Iraq groups. We have frack groups which are fungicide resistance Action Committee designations that let you know what the mode of action, as. I will warn you not to just solely rely on quiet dress. So don't go out and make straight quadrotors applications. There is a large population that evolved through an area in brassica is that seem to be resistant to that. Again, something that we're trying to document and get a little better idea of through the research program that I mentioned. So the last thing I want to talk about are, are capable crops. I get asked a lot about brassica cover crop. So the how they can best be utilized again for disease control in 2021. And again, plan them in the fall. We're getting to a point where if you have a plan of them, you really need to start getting them in really quick because we're running out of time. And the importance of that is basically, the more biomass you have, the more beneficial it's going to be. So quiet them much later than now, you really risk not having a lot of biomass in the spring. And the reason why I ask is are affected as they produce material called ISO sign aids or add TCS. And to give you some idea of efficacy of that metabolite, it's actually one of the degradation metabolites produced by lithium sodium that's effective. Met them. Sodium has a fume against that was use that we'll use to certain extent called Bay PAM or there lyrics as well. But again, the more biomass you have, the more ad theses you're gonna have produce. Now that being said, there are some brassicas that have actually been bred to be cover crops because they produce a lot about the C. Example of that is Kali NTA, that says an arugula. That's basically I've been bred for mass at TC production. And you'll see this in your, your seed listings. And gallium into Israeli not cheap. Or some of these others aren't really cheap. But they are good options when utilized properly. And we're going to talk a little bit about that. They can give you a pretty good broad spectrum. I'm going to use or suppression and I'm not going to use the word control here, but they can help with your nematode and soil borne disease populations. The big part in this. And I tell people it, even with breast because it's not so much which brassica you use it. It is making sure you do it properly. So basically you've got a planet this fall. And then in the spring or late spring you're going to go and and there are two processes that have to happen for you to get much of any benefit from these brassica cover crops? First of all, you've got to break the cell. You've gotta break is made plant cells as you can. So as you can see, if, if you don't break that cell, you don't have a release of I. So if I assign aides or the biofilm again, so you gotta break those cells. And then as soon as you break that cell, you have to incorporate that broken plant material. So something like a flail mile Moore wrote until these are great because they break a lot of plant tissue along the way and they put it into your soil asap. So again, if you're going to utilize, if you're gonna pay the money for something like valiant, they gotta make sure that you use that properly. If you're in a no till reduced tillage system, you're just not gonna get that benefit again. You're half the brain cell tissue and then you have to incorporate it to get the biofuel get efficacy or activity out of it. So with that being said, start looking towards 2021. There are a couple of items I want to put on your screen now already. As we're wrapping up 20-20, destroy those crops as soon as harvest is complete. The longer you leave it out there, the more time you give pathogen's an opportunity to multiply. The same can be said for insect and we'd best see treatments. I really want to use a lot of it. I recommend the seed treatment for pretty much any vegetable crop that you utilize. And then go ahead and use the premiums such as farm as a small investment in most cases. And from the insect and pathogen standpoint, it is well worth it ill, it'll pay off more times than not. And, you know, even if it pays off once in every ten years, quite frankly, to avoid a complete crop failure, it's worth it. Manage and scout for insects early. And I know I'm not trying to step on Tom's feed here. I'm just trying to say that we had a lot of problem with viruses this year. Being trans, emitted by aphids are particularly cucumber beetles. So you really want to keep your eyes out for Fourier populations early on because you could end up with viral or bacterial problems due to these vectors. Again, stress crop rotation for your vegetable crops. And I know this is a brutal thing to hope for, but really we neither cold Weiner, Tom mentioned epipole worm and, and as she easily not seeing that we're seeing in a number of soil borne pathogens, fungal pathogens, we're seeing an uptick in nematodes. Them not blaming whether on all of it, because we're acumen getting lost. And there are a couple other things that contribute. But I think in 2020 we really paid for mild 1A over 20192020. And we've had a couple of mild ones back to back out. We really want some cold weather to mocked some things out. So that I'll wrap things up. Feel free to again, texts, call, email, whatever you need to get in touch with me and I'll wrap things up. Alright, thanks Steve, appreciate you joining us. And thanks is Worldcom for the insect that theta had just taken a look at the chat box. And you see that I see a question here that I think will pertain to you in your presentation. The question is, do you think makes these in diseases like soy bean Ross could potentially become a larger issue. In that a mom a years if it continues to stay warm or longer year after year. Okay. So soybean soybean rest as something that you really can hurt that you've heard a lot about. Probably, I would say about 15 years ago when it was introduced into the United States. It is what we call an obligate parasite. But the upshot is that basically doesn't ever winner. And our area. So it has to come up every year from as a number of vegetable and row crop diseases do it has to come from areas like South Texas, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida were in others never really us to eliminate all those. So I mean, it, it could be an issue. We've monitored for soybean rest, you know, ever since 15 years I've been here in Virginia. And it hasn't really calls a ton of problems. But again, it is something definitely to keep on the radar. So particularly for ADA Mommy. What we are seen at a mom a is that we don't have the disease resistance packages that you generally see in conventional soybeans or GMO soybeans. So you just don't have the disease resistance packages from breathing and efforts from the last century. So we also had a similar question, Ahmed can Tom was able to respond to that in the chat window, but just for folks that may be less than just the audio. The question was that it seemed like Virginia, it seems to be adding one to two growing degree days every year in some past are showing up and becoming a problem like you mentioned Tom about Pick a worm and in some of the others. And enable is just asking about the impact that, that may have on IPM strategies in ten years or for the upcoming seasons for some of these crops. So Tommy had a really great answer to that question. What would you like to just talk about that a little bit as far as your your response on awareness and education? Yes, sir. Yeah. I think it's something that we're strategically located in this country to, to really show some impacts because we're kind of in a transition zone of we. If anyone's going to start seeing southern past problems were, were really suited for it because we're kind of right on the, right on the fringe anyway. And that's exactly what we're saying is just these things making their way up. Probably a lot greater survival of, of these warmer climate adapted insects. And the, the increase in temperature is also increases development time. Or are rates that are going to develop quicker. Which means possibly you add another generation to somebody's insects. So that's brown murmur and instinct bucket and bring that went up. But that's, that's an insect that we're starting to figure out why we get some of these years that we have these just hellacious outbreaks in the fall and EMS. And a lot of it is tied to how many survive the winter, the year before, because that's going to be how many adults kick it off in the spring and start laying eggs. But then if it fits warm, if it's warmer, they will be able to get through another generation. The second generation of like that, that stink bug N, which means you got to generations of adults then that could be going into over-wintering. So we're, we're starting to learn. Somebody sings that. Man, you know, you start messing with climate and it's going to really change things big time. So it's a great question and something that I think we, the first step is awareness and that's what I put in. My answer is that the specialists need to know that these things are out there. Like for instance, if if I didn't have talent on the eastern shore conducting a trial on when eta Mommy, I would not be aware that southern green stink bug is is becoming a major stink bug in some parts of the state. Well, that's a southern fast. It always has been. And it's a bad stink bug. It can build up the really big numbers. And it's like dang, we're dealing with that one now too. But it's really only I don't eastern shore that I know of it, but it's probably elsewhere since that's a great example is awareness. So extension agents will play a big role in helping to diagnose that these things are there and then it's just education after that. I, I, for instance, would start by looking at my colleague's south of here, NC State, Georgia. And just, you know, hey, how do you guys deal with this insect? Because we have it now and kind of build enough of their years of experience. So yeah, it's just going to be awareness and then we may have to change things up. It's likely going to be greater pest pressure. Thanks Tom, I this great point. I think that was really worth mentioning and I appreciate your your efficent address and that I think like you said, it's something we certainly need to keep keep, manage, and any other questions as well and we'll open it up now for questions for both Steve and Tom. So hey, Steve, I have one for you. If no one has a question. This is one that I, that I need to know personally for for my research plots. But I think a lot of the other folks on here would want to know the answer to this too. You know, picking the right fungicides and the rotations can get really complicated. And if you had to tell me Tom, I would advise you to buy these two fun, just a thanks for key curve. It's, and just general fruiting vegetables. And just kind of like what's a, what's a really simple answer, really simple kind of a nice preventative option that to just simplify it for me personally, because I I get lost in trying to understand where on that which one I should have gotten. What's become resistance of? What do you have for me? Well, yeah, I get this one actually quite a bit because I realized that not everybody wants to go out and buy ten fungicides or that they have the acreage to go out and see some of these fungicide GF, The by like a decade's worth, right? Just the smallest amount for a particular growers. And one of the one of the materials that I really stress and that's been around forever as Clark, L and L are what we call bravo. That's a protective material. We don't it's multi sites material. Quite frankly, we don't even know the many ways that cloth L nil interacts and inhibit fungal growth and reproduction. So from a resistant standpoint, that's a great material. Now the downside to bravo or Corp l and l is that you have to ensure that you get good coverage so you can't go out and just, you know, you've gotta pay attention to your spray batter and and, and making sure that you get good coverage. So like with key, curb its DNA, if you're stranded and you want powdery mildew example, you've really gotta get to see where even GET coverage on the underside of the leaves. So you've really got to plug it. Utilize something like 40 gallons per acre or higher to really get coverage. And you know, the other thing I think that I would, and there are a number of ways you can go about this. You know, probably 101520 years ago I would've said the quadrants would be or Kavya, a strawberry earned would be my recommendation. But, but not anymore just because it, it's really not there live resistance problems with them. So what I would say is you could go out and get something like quadrotors top or something like something like pristine. That Have combinations of extra billions. And another fungicide, say You kind of broaden that spectrum out. So again, I think you go you go a long way with with core dowel now. And then utilizing them material that's got a couple of different fungicide move actions and that will help you out quite a bit. There are certain crops where you can't use both L and L and you have to go with something like Mankiw is, which is man's eight or some barriers. Pink is out. Various other trade names. So that's another protect that could be utilized to do so. But that oh, yeah, it does. I've heard of that and I'm going to go boom. Vibrato and Clojure stuff. All right, we had a question there. See a couple more popping up in the chat window, so I'll just try to read those out and if anybody wants to comment or add any additional information, feel free to. One question was, are there any pests that cannot withstand a warmer temperatures and in time you replied at Brown memory, distinct bugs don't do well on high heat conditions and they typically seek shelter and trees and field edges. So I don't know if you have anything additional that she'd like to comment on that or or if you want to move forward to another question. Yeah, I think there's fewer that the warmer temperatures are going to hurt them, but that's one where I do have some data and we have studied it. And it's it's why you don't say I'm in a, in a cotton field in Southside Virginia. Brown murmured he'd stink bugs that is too hot form. They actually walk the feet on cotton and do very well. But just that the temperatures are just too high for that's the only one I can really think of often. As see, we got another question here. And this will go to Steve utterly. Is, is there any data on the amount of limited control from the usage of flail plowed funded brass because as a cover crop in grain crops in that was followed with conclusive data. So Mike assay, you were the one that asked that question. I know here where we are in eastern Virginia and we tend to have a lot of nematode issues. Anything you'd like to to add Michael or Steve on that topic? Well, yeah. I mean, I can talk a little bit about Go grabs it. It. Uh, yeah, there's there's some data out there. I personally don't have a name, but I know a number of people and utilize the brassicas. And again, I'm not gonna say it's going to completely reduce or, or manage your nematode problems. And when the nematodes in particular, you really need a program like integrated pest management program to live with them because you really, yeah, I don't even want to use the word get rid of that because it's just not that kind of passed. You kind of manage it. You suppress it. So you can utilize something like that where you are. You can grow Barbarossa because actually there are some grasp is that won't go that do well and warmer conditions. So if you're, if you're planning a grain crop for like October, there are some grasp is that you could grow over time, over the summer and then utilize it as a biofuel. Him again, that there's data out there. I can look and see you. I can find Mike. I don't know if it's something that we then necessarily here in Virginia. But again, the big thing is getting a lot of biomass, making sure you get the tissue broken and then incorporate some. And that'll help. I mean, was somethin like grains you you'd probably want to look into and I'm outside, seek treatment or something like that. So and proper rotation TO manage your your problems. Thanks, Dave. We've just seen that way. But don't complain. We're seeing a lot of increase nematode pressures. We're seeing hotspots get lower. Credit growth. The feel and in the law Nebraska is that thinker. And I'm no vegetable expert, but I think a lot of more winner, winner annuals. And just wondering about the built-in play live and perhaps slam under for some sort of at least control. I just gave you. I didn't know if it was completely data are not. Well. It will help, you know, it's better than doing nothing at all. So but I'd like to say that it's one of these things or people want to just plant the brassica and then basically, you know, move on. And but, but you've really gotta do that process of breaking the tissue and then incorporate that to get anything out. If you do that, you will get some benefits. And, and I see Tom and the chat responded, that'll help with wire worms as well. One, wire worms, nematodes are pretty similar in nature. So I mean, you know, like I said, more than anything, I think it's gotta be you gotta get the Incorporation. So thank you. It'll certainly help. And one other thing while we're on cover crops in this kind of touches on lars, comment, the others a lot of interest out there. One of the things that I do want to warn people about, and this doesn't happen every 100. But if we keep having these milder winners. If you put out something like an airy batches a cover crop, that actually is a very good host for nematode. So there are some benefits to very much as a cover, of course from a nitrogen level standpoint. But things like carry badge can be hosts for, for route map. So that's something to consider. So stay that seem to have one more comment there. In regards to the fall, more seed treatments that you mentioned four-day fungicides and insecticides. And the question was, can you treat seeds with that yourself or is it a control product and process? And Tom responded to that and said as far as he knew that it can only be applied by certified see daylight. Any comments additional to that state? Tom's got its only and far more. I will mention this far more. Isn't that the same for every crop? So there are some different mixtures that go into the far more based upon whichever vegetable crop yet, but 100% times, right? You can't, you can't do that yourself. That has to be applied by the dealer distributor. Let's stay following up on that. The individual products that go into farmers, at least for q curve it says three fungicides and and then the neonicotinoids, insecticide time effects. And I know you could almost make make AAC treatment that with the comparable alma at least I know from the insecticide and there's, there's things you can treat your seeds with that would, that would give you the same as the thymine thoughts? I'm and maybe Steve could comment the same with fungicides and you basically make a comparable one that you can apply to the seed yourself at the event that Steve, whether it's in any of the fungicides that you could apply. Yeah. So to be honest, the the one of the fungicides fully acts and now you really can't get on its own. And then you have math not so much as written well, gold and gold direct contact on a lot of seeds is not a good thing, even though you can use it as a TBI. So for the little bit of extra cost that you incur by buying that, I think it's worth it from the fungicide standpoint, just because it's almost impossible to make the mixture of the three. And they all kind of serve girl on purpose. So I can't tell you one's more important than the other stone. Yeah, that's a point about the cost. I think I looked at it once and it lays for acute care habits was ridiculously cheap, like less than five bucks an acre. And then ended up coming out to, and it was like my goodness, that additional cost to your seeds is clearly worth it for all the things that you're getting with that. So I I I agree with that. Steve and Tom, I I think I would also maybe throw in there for folks, especially folks that maybe you're interested on smaller production scale and stuff that, that seed treatment is typically commercially available on some of the companies that do so. Vegetable seed, you know, some of the larger companies for commercial producers, but they also sell retail as well. I think so that if there's anything you can add to that, but I have seen that myself. Alright, just checking the chat window here, I don't see any additional questions, so any other questions or comments for the speakers this morning? Hey, great discussion, a lot of great questions and answers that had been then touched on. As Cole for any questions or comments. Alright. Well, Steve and Tom, thank you both for being with us this morning. Great presentations, a lot of great information and updates. I think this will be a valuable resource to producers here and a status as well as elsewhere for vegetable production this fall and for coming year. So thank you both for your time this morning and joining us. Here. You're welcome, Ravi. Your agent says, this is a really great thing you're doing. I think we're here in numbers of people that are looking at these presentations. I think it's great and I appreciate it. What assumes the evil comment as well. But for us, we know that our information is getting out to a lot more people than probably ever before, so yeah. Thank you. Yeah. Thanks again, Tom, appreciate you and steam being well, precisely what we are then now. I will judge, you said I'd also like to just take a second and recognize the other agents that make this effort possible. Lower maxi, nay, Definitely Rob will check Trent Jones and it might broadest just always like to recognize them and thank them for all their efforts with the program as well. So appreciate everyone being with us this moment to now you can find a recording link, the link there on your screen that's shown. Now, if you would like to share this recording of today's presentation with anyone that may benefit from that. Also next week as an announcement, our speaker next week is going to be Mr. Robert Harper from virginia farm bureau grains division. And we're going to be having a presentation on some general basics for green marketing and also a brief update on the current grain marketing situation both in the US and globally. So if you're interested in grain marketing, your green producer, please join us next Thursday morning. You see the link there on your screen. Same time and place at 09:00 AM next Thursday. So please join us for that. Finally, I'd just like to ask folks if you've joined us for our program this morning or you've joined us for previous programs, please take a moment to fill out the evaluation link for the program. If you need that link, please contact one of us. I believe it's also sliding through or some of the slides. So you should see that. Just take a few moments to fill that out. If you have topics that you're interested in and would like more information, please let us know and we'll be glad to try to put a program together with some speakers to address those. So just like to thank everyone again for joining us today. Hope was an informative presentation for you. Thank you again to our two guest speakers, Steve ride out and Tom, who are appreciate all your hard work and dedication to producers here in Virginia. So thank you. Stay safe. I hope everyone stays Friday and has a great rest of the Thursday. Take care. Thanks every Bobby. Echo Tom's comments. Really appreciate the love and human. If you have any questions, let me know. Thanks so much. They appreciate you joining us.