We're pleased to be joined this morning to remain hatch our extension viticulture specialist and trains going to be given some updates from the vineyard side of things. So hopefully we've got quite a few folks on the line with us this morning representing the vineyard community in Virginia. So thank you for joining us this morning. I guess we'll go ahead and turn it over to you to remain. So thank you for joining us this morning and excellent. >> Thank you. >> Thank you. >> Well, thank you very much, Robbie, and thanks for the opportunity to have me on. So again, I work at an erect near Winchester, Virginia, some up in the top corner of the state. And I do extension work for Weinberg, parsed across the state sounding and focused grapes. And unfortunately, grape growers have had it tough spring on top with a number of frost events. So I'll dig in a little bit deeper on how, what happens when there's crossing and how things might look moving forward. And then I'm gonna dress like a hole in the field with a one, thinking that if somebody asks, there's probably a couple people wondering about it. And so I'll just those in this format, so we'll move around. So first doing with grape vines, Great runs are perennial plants. So disability portion, the grapevine that can overwinter, sustain itself during freezing temperatures. But we also have green tissue that develops in the springtime. So up here in Winchester, We start seeing bud development and green tissue growth, or early to mid April, depending on the winter and spring time. In this green tissue is primarily water, so it can freeze, damaging organelles and cell walls. And if there is injury, there's contents leak out so that the tissue dies. Fortunately for great CORS, grapes have compound buds. So the buds that are retained on a grapevine during dormant pruning has essentially three compressed shoots, and the crop on grapevines is initiated in the year previous. So that crop for the 2020 growing season, this currents, current season, was initiated last growing season, May and June of 2019. That being said, when there is frost injury on grapevines, there's loss of crop potential. So on these compound buds with three compressed shoots, the primary shoot has the most crop potential, a full crop to three clusters parachute, that bud is injured. The secondary bud can push the secondary, but might have anywhere from a quarter to a third of the crop potential. So maybe when cluster pursuit If that bud is injured, we go into to tertiary but, and that but has very little crop potential. So frost injury to grapevines won't kill the grape vines, but there will be a loss of crop production across the state. We've had two clusters frost events. So and mentally, April going from the 11th to the 19th of April, we had a couple of frost episodes across the state and then around Mother's Day, so May eighth to a big one there. On Sunday morning, the tenth of May, we had another round of frost advance frost events in April typically aren't that problematic. But what threw a wrench into our production this year is that we had a really warm March time. So grapevines began green shoot development fairly earliest groin seasons today, we're pretty System boy in late April, what-if cost? So in the really unfortunate circumstance some vineyards are facing this year. They developed shoots in mid April, and then we're frosted once, killing the primary bud and the secondary buds started development. And unfortunately than in May, the secondary buds as well, which is a tough set of circumstances for vineyards as far as crop production share. So what happens when grapevines are frosted? >> Green tissue was killed. >> And because when we have frost episodes here across the commonwealth, it's usually temperatures are right around the freezing point of water at 32 degrees, sometimes down to 27 degrees. We see variability here. It's not uncommon that there's a number of shoots that are sustained throughout the frost upside with very little injury shown here on the slide with the big green shoots. And then other chutes are injured and sometimes completely killed. So it makes for complicated management for vineyard manage martyrs managers beaches, because there's this variability of injury across the field. So say there's a frost episode, what should a grape growers do first, except Arkansas. Condolences. It's no fun to wake up or to be out early in the morning and see, see injury in the vineyard. The first step would be to survey the damage and just get a feel for what's going on out in the field. There's often some differences according to field Topography where the lower line areas, there's more Frost injury and then the grounds of the hill, there'll be a little bit less frosting tree. So survey by management zones or blocks. And the fee general categories that we've been using the spring is the shoots that have no damage at all, that are healthy and didn't suffer an injury due to freezing temperatures. And then the flip side of that would be shoots that are completely killed. Due to cold temperatures. And then the third category would be shoots that suffered some injury took portions of the shoot, often the shoe tip at the top of the shoot. And some of those first nodes in inner nodes might be frosted. Now with these three categories of shoots, we can go through what we'd expect as far as vegetative growth, crop level, and maturity of crop at the, at harvest time. So as far as vegetative growth, not damaged shoots, we'll proceed as normal completely damaged shoots. On the other hand, there'll be a delay and then the secondary and that compressed she will push out. So there'll be as far as phenological development shoots that are a little delay compared to their peers. The primary issues that did not were not injured by the frost event and then where the shoe tip was injured. So there's partial shoot injury. There's far as vegetative growth, the shoot tip is not going to cease growth, but then we'll see a summer lateral. So at the node we'll see a new shoe tip emerge. And in some cases, two or three of these emerge. So where you had one shoot, it will branch fairly low and develop into a couple sheets for the three different categories of injury. What do we expect for crop level for the non damaged shoots? A full crop potential for the completely damaged shoots again, will go on to the secondary or tertiary buds. So we might anticipate a third of a crop potential. So if you were looking at cultivar with three clusters pursuit, you might be down to one cluster per sheet. And in the case where you're frosted twice and you're down to the tertiary buds, there's probably not much crop potential on those sheets. And then for the third category sheets where there's modest injury, that's where the crop level can be a little difficult. The inflorescences are, the flower clusters are usually between nodes 25. So depending on the severity of the injury, inflorescence may or may not have been injured. Depending on that factor, you may be looking at a full crop potential to maybe one of the clusters survived or maybe none of the cluster survive. That injury really is a case-by-case scenario. The other thing to mention about crop level on this partially damaged shoots is that the chute will probably be a little starved for carbohydrates around bloom time, which depending on the region, the state, maybe late May or early June. So you may see a little bit lighter fruit set witnessed and partial injury to sheets. And then as far as crop maturity, again, gone through these three different categories of shoots, non damaged shoots, they're going to ripen on somewhat of a normal trajectory. So we'll see you could use as a template harvest gates throughout the guy sees threat the past couple of years for the completely damaged shoots. Again, The partnership was killed. The secondary shoot takes a little bit of time to start development. So they are going to be on a similar trajectory as far as producing unripe banana crop, but the start point for that will be delayed. So usually we see development of those shoots taking a little bit, moving a little bit delayed throughout the growing season. So Blum O B a little bit, clade variation will be a little bit delayed and then harvest will be a little bit delayed. Something that helps those shoots move more rapidly is that they do have less crop. So as far as sugar accumulation, it takes a little bit less time to accumulate sugar in those clusters. Then partial shoot injury, more or less same trajectory for crop ripening as an undamaged sheet. So here's a couple of images we've taken in late April, early May. So you'll see in there with a blue circle around it. And that was the primary shoot that was injured early on. So that tissue is tried necrotic essentially, dad, but they're the secondary bud has started to develop and actually surpassed that primary shoot and its size as point. And this is what we'd see with the partial shoot injury. So in this situation, it looks like some of the leaves have been modestly injured and then the shoe tip has been injured. So in this case, we'll probably see Summer laterals developing from this internode and bypass. Same bat injured she tip. So what do vineyard managers have to do when they've got a mixed populations of shoe shoots out in their vineyard. So again, the biggest difference will be crop level on the primary shoots to the secondary shoots. And then differences in development are phenology of those secondary shoots. So again, on the secondary shoots, crop level will be a little bit lighter, crop ripening will be a little delayed. And then critical for vineyard managers dealing with this here in the next couple weeks, this disease control. So when grapevines flower that flower and newly set fruit is very susceptible to a number of different pathogens. So bloomed Time Is When growers are very considerate and aggressive with their pest management at that point. Because we've got a second population of shoots, it's delayed that six-week period from probably pretty bloom through development of berries that's going to be extended. So it might be anywhere from eight weeks long. Now that growers were really have to be on top of their spray programs to make sure that fruit does not sustain disease during this time period. On the flip side, if the vineyard risc processor to a couple of times and there's very little fruit out there. There's going to be less for to protect. So one might be able to use a less aggressive spray program in that situation. It doesn't have much fruit on it. Alright, I'm going to switch gears now and still Taco Bell frost. But some of the different implications we see across the industry. So one of the questions that came up for farm wineries is, how do they move forward? So if they lost a lot of crop, but they're still require to produce 51% of the grapes that they used for wine production. Does that just mean that can't make any line in this situation? So to clarify a little bit, for farm wineries, which I know the majority of our wineries are, there's no requirement for their license that 51% of the fruit using their wine production is grown by them on their farm, or a farm they operate. And so what a farm winery could do is they suffer frost injury and they want to move forward and make amount of wine that would make it a normal year is they need to petition for an exemption than to just requirement. So step one would be to record the injury that a girl would do already. Secondly, contact a local virginia cooperative extension, agen, to help with the confirmation of damage. We've shared a letter from the Virginia wineries association to co-operative extension agents. And that letter is a template that one would send to VDD acts. And that letter would provide information about how much crop was lost due to frost and then confirmation from our Virginia cooperative extension agent or some other third party. And you would send that to vx. Vx would then share that information with bridging ABC. And if the exemption is awarded, you would hear back from bridging eight. So again, here's the step, series of steps that one would proceed through. If they're like they suffered frost injury and they were limited in how much wine they can make year, this coming year. Again, thanks to the Virginia wineries Association for providing this template for us to use. This is a question that came in from the Hampton roads area. This is a picture of a grape and fluorescence with a lot of gall, lean or tumor like growth looks pretty wild. And we see this every year. No, it's not, you know, coded on grapes or anything like that. It is divines response. Take grape to meet a goal makers. So these midges can irritate grapevine tissue, green tissue. So you might see this on the grapevine inflorescence, like we saw in the picture earlier, or in tendrils shoot some leaves on petals. In most cases, it's just sort of a novelty. You'll see pretty low incidence of this. There are some circumstances where we see, particularly with the cultivar trim, and that enough of this injury that it's worth controlling the pest So 20-20 test management guide. Momentum has been listed as a material that can control to make all makers. And again, in most cases, this pests does not require control. So a little bit about viticulture resources and how we may have shifted, shifted things a little bit this year we do carry on with our viticulture notes are electronic newsletter. We've shifted from a group email to a Google group for distribution to that. So if you haven't heard from US a couple times this spring and you want to contact me or go to our website and we can make sure that you're part of that group, group because we're not in a situation where you can have face-to-face meetings and the venue. And this spring we are doing vineyard zoom sessions. We had one last Thursday and next one will take place on the fourth of June. You'll hear from a number of specialists, including myself, and we'll talk about what's going on in the state. We are requiring registration for these. It is a free Zoom meeting, but we do require registration. So contact me or keep an eye towards viticulture notes if you'd like to participate in the next one of these other before at the gym or great pathologist, Dr. Museum has a wonderful grape pathology blog. I saw he just made an update late last night. So we're entering a really important time for disease management in the vineyard. So keeping up to date on what's going on, what materials can be used to control what pathogens is really important. So his blog is really an excellent resource and it's up to date. And lastly, a request. We are not able to get out and visit vineyards across the state this spring. So send us pictures of things that you are seen. We're very familiar with what's going on here at our video here. Winchester, however, were not able to get out and see what's going on here. So send us pictures of things that you're seeing and we're happy to address them. And we may use them in our zoom sessions to address questions from the field. Now the last thing I want to do is show a couple of videos that I took in our vineyard last week and know that some of you are just listening in. So I'll try to annotate these as we move forward, but just to show an example of shoot thinning, which has the canopy management task. They were proceeded through right now and are vineyard. And then also we've installed a new venue to spring. So I'll show an example of how we tied in or x or y. So here's an example of VSP trained vine. So this is petite man saying to shoot. Thinning that took place, I speak we're trying to do is thin out the number of shoots to about three to five. It's per linear foot of canopy. At aids and limiting congestion. We want to retain a fruitful shoot it eats for and be able to get sunlight and control methods in on those on your inflorescences. And I'll share one more little video here. So this is an end assembly that we installed here to Eric and and new vineyard we've been installing. So this is our opinion that has been around for 20 years. And we notice that the assemblies for slipping down the coast a little bit. So if the new vineyard we installed, we've wrapped the wire and extra time around. So here's Jonathan aims at Virginia Tech undergrad student that's helping us the sun, providing a demonstration. I'm installing a wire that connects the earth anchor to light and post. And in case you're wondering, we did speed this up a little bit just to make it a shorter video. So there's an extra loop around and post that should provide some resistance to that wire slipping down the post. So with that goes down and if I can address any questions in the chat bar, I'll try to do some now. Alright, so the zoom on the fourth of June will take place at noon, and they've been about 2.5 hours. And like most of these Zoom sessions, we are recording them, but so yeah, the fourth of June will take place at two PM or noon. I'm sorry, and be available after a little bit of time. For as a record, we are providing closed captioning, the videos, free release. And so that just takes a little time. And then another question that came in the chat bar. I am happy to provide links to these to get viticulture notes. Probably easiest way is to contact me, and I will add you to the Google group that we use to distribute viticulture nets into pathology bug. If you plug into a search engine grape pathology, we will, you will find it. >> Alright, thanks to remain. We appreciate you joining us this morning. >> Thank you very much for the viticulture update. >> I Rabi, I have a question for humane. Jeff sour, my domain. >> Listen, I'm I'm a crop, I got my degree in Crop Science. >> So I know very little about great. >> So please excuse my ignorance in vineyards, but like big heap, and I'm trying to learn more about it. Is there anything vineyards can do? >> What are available options to protect against frost in Gone Girl is habit. >> But we're spread still were acres and acres and thousands of acres where vineyards kid a little bit small, but is there anything, is there anything reasonable somebody can do that will call phenomenally Gan? So there the most straightforward things one can do is site selection. So where the vineyards located, often our freezer or frost take place at lower elevations. So taken advantage, a higher topography can help out a lot, but that's not something that one can do once the vineyards already installed. I'll go from really expensive to less expensive. The, again, most of our frost take place uncool still evenings, so we see a stratification of the air. So some vineyards have chosen to fly helicopters or install when machines that would help push that warmer air down towards the soil surface. Again, that, that's a pretty expensive route. But some of our bigger producers have found that, that that meets their requirements are less expensive. But a little bit less sure would be things like adding heat to the vineyards. So some people burn fires, some people now burn candles that are manufactured in Southwest Virginia. Unfortunately, most he goes straight up, so it doesn't really offer much crop protect, protection. And then the last avenue has been things that could be sprayed on the vineyard to protect for Frost. And this is where they're a little bit less reliable. But there's two major approaches. One has been 2s spray something to kinda change the osmotic potential. So essentially change the freezing temperature of the grapevines. There's number of materials that are marketed to this if got a mixed review as far as I'm aware, we haven't seen research that shows an improvement or more cold tolerance, but growers use them. My recommendation would be if a girl or chooses to go this route to leave an untreated check just to see if the vineyard and see how that material performed. Year field conditions. The other route that some have gone has been using something like a biocides like copper to remove bacteria off the crop surface. And that would sort of less than the number of ice manipulating materials on the crop surface that could help protect from our Frost. So number of our new Copper formulations have been used to this. Again, the same recommendation. Leave an untreated check just to see if if it work and your farm circumstances and then something that has worked, but it's not quick, is people have used oils like amigo oil to slow but respiration. So it's applied not right before frost, but a couple of weeks before the frost and it can slow but development in the spring time. A lot of work with that has been done at Ohio State University by Dr. Ahmed day. So those are the routes. Unfortunately, there's not a silver bullet. A male can be pretty expensive, but those are the routes that people >> With thank you, Edwin. >> Latest question ahead. >> Again, little bit equal to Greg here, but I'm assuming that shit damage done in one year, say 2020, and we had some pretty good you and Caroline, that doesn't affect next year's crop is accurate. >> It should not. It should not. It's important that growers keep up with their canopy management. Just so you know, the fruit for 2021 will be initiated here in the next couple weeks. So not letting diseases get out-of-control map, completely abandoning canopy management, but now it shouldn't have any negative impact on their 2021 crop. >> They guarded. Thanks though, but I just want to make sure. >> Nigerian problem. >> Alright, thanks Mike. Really good questions. And there's probably something that folks, when we're thinking about what can we do to maybe mitigate guess and each are so really good points to make. Any other questions or comments for, for tremendous mourn. And I know we got some folks joining us from across the states. I I would just be interested to know what what the damage was maybe in your area. If you're from another part of the state or if you're from our part of the state here in eastern Virginia, which you may have experienced in your own vineyard. Just to share some of those comments to see kind of where we are across the state at this point. Any any comments or questions regarding that? >> Just a quick update from here in Winchester area, we did suffer some entry, particularly that mother slavery's, depending on the area of the vineyard, anywhere from 30 to about 50%. Entry to sheets. >> Well, we appreciate it, Charmaine. And for those of you that were asking if you take a look at the chat box as a couple other points, they i'd like to point out. One is to remain, did add the link there to the great pathology blog. So if you're interested in getting that information, you can find that there. It's just a great pathology dot blogspot.com. So that may be a beneficial resource for you. The other thing that we've got there is we've got an evaluation for our program. So we are trying to get folks to evaluate our programs. >> So you'll see a link there in the chat box as well as its scrolling across the screen as the sludge progress through. >> So you wouldn't mind just taken a few moments to take a brief survey for us and let us know how you thought program was, if you thought this was beneficial to your production. And also provide comments and feedback of future topics. So what we can do to make things better for you to remain. We appreciate you joining us this morning. Thank you again for your time and your updates. If you do have viticulture questions, please contact your local ANR extension agent or your local office and we'll be glad to reach out to, to remain in and get you some answers for those questions. Again, as a reminder, if you would please take a few moments too complete our brief survey for BCA. Bca data would really help provide us with some great feedback. >> We appreciate you taking the time to do that. >> And finally, I'd just like to thank everybody for joining us again this morning. I'd like to thank my group of colleague agents that helped make this effort possible. Lower maxi Ne in Hanover County might brought us and Caroline and King George County, Stephanie Rommel check, and Westmoreland County, and Trent Jones and North humble and in Lancaster County. So thank you all for all the hard work that you do to make this program possible. Thank you everyone. >> Again, we appreciate you joining us, and I hope everyone has a great rest of the Thursday.