He AG Today, June 18th, 2020. We're pleased to be joined this morning by Dr. Julie short ridge extension irrigation specialist within the Department of Biological Systems Engineering at Virginia Tech. So thank you for joining us today and we appreciate you being here this morning. Julie is going to be speaking on irrigation tips for road props, as well as maybe some other tips on irrigation as a whole. So Juliet, if you'd like, go ahead. Thank you again for joining us this morning. >> Thank you, Robbie. Super Yale's though. So good morning everyone. And I want to thank Robin symphony and Laura for inviting me to do this. And I realize it's kind of a funny time to be talking about irrigation because I know that you all have been drenched over there the past few days, just like we have been over on this side of the state. >> And it's actually funny because I was thinking the last time that I traveled over that aside the coastal area to talk about irrigation was actually back in February. >> Went out to the eastern shore. And I remember it was raining so much then that it was the roads were flooded trying to get home through OR virginia beach. >> So apparently that's the trick. >> You need rain. >> Schedule me to come talk about irrigation and adult apparently just start pouring. >> So it'll keep that in mind come, you know, July, August. >> But anyways, in the meantime for today, would I know there's a lot of people out there with different levels of experience with irrigation and different types of questions. >> And it can really run the gamut. And so what I've tried to do for today is basically came up with my top three tips, both for people who are thinking about irrigating, thinkin about making that investment and putting a system in, as well as those who currently are irrigating, how to do that a little more efficiently and effectively to really maximize the returns you get for running that system. >> And so I'll run through these kind of short tips and then have some additional resources that people can look into if they want more information about any particular topic. And then of course, happy to take questions at the end or if I have my contact information at the end. >> So you can always reach out to me with more information. >> And so I guess just to give you an overview on those tips, here are my top three things for those who are considering irrigation is first, take the time to understand the different factors that influence how profitable that system is going to be. >> And then making sure you have enough water in that, you know, the regulatory requirements, you know, you certainly don't want to get on the wrong side of Q If you put it in this type system. And for those who are currently irrigating, my three top tips to be able to do that more efficiently aren't being proactive about maintenance, being thoughtful about irrigation timing, and then finally, understanding water quality risks. >> And so I'll talk about each one of these in a little more detail as we move forward. >> So starting with the tips for prospective irrigators >> So number one thing, and I think the thing that's going to be at the forefront anyone's mind is understanding what are the factors that influence whether that system is want to make you money or not. >> And I think that in most contexts, irrigation can be profitable in the long run, at least. >> Say, you know, you average over kind of the lifespan of a system, which is usually pretty long. >> Generally on the average, on the whole is going to make money, but it's going to vary a lot year to year, right? I mean, if you get a year where there's a ton of rain, it's probably not going to benefit you much if at all. >> You know, most years the timing is such that having irrigation can certainly help to subdue agree, but to give people some resources to really that question more thoroughly, a student that I was working with actually put together an interactive tool that you can go to the VC Accenture website and download that allows you to put in information about your specific operation, get some estimates in terms of what sort of costs and benefits you might expect. >> C. And of course, they know this is a general tool, it's not a crystal ball. >> So these aren't exact predictions, but at least can give you a sense of the ballpark and help you understand what are what are some of the big ticket items that people aren't always aware of. >> I mean, one thing that you hear about people getting sticker shock with a lot is the fuel costs for irrigating, especially running diesel pumps, you that takes a lot of fuel. Water's heavy, it's hard. >> So understanding what those costs can be. >> And then there's also some parts in there where you can see how the returns that you might get year-by-year would benefit or vary depending on crop prices, the amount of rainfall, things like that. >> So I think it's, again, it's not a crystal ball, but can be a useful tool to start to wrap your, wrap your head around some of those numbers and also understand how decisions you make in terms of how you design that system and how you operate, it can influence that profitability, right? >> And so one thing that we've seen really clearly using it is just being thoughtful about when you put irrigation on and avoiding both over irrigating as well as under irrigating, you know, that really can have some important returns in terms of profitability. >> It, so you know, things like that. >> Scheduling methods, fuel source understanding how those impact the final returns that you get. >> This is a nice first step into doing that, and I'll have a link at the end to the water webpage on the cooperative extension site. >> And that's where all of these resources and tools are all available through that website. So that's kind of your one-stop-shop for all this information. >> So that's number one. >> Number two is understanding water sources. >> So obviously, if you want to irrigate, you have to pull your water from somewhere and that can be from surface or ground water. >> Surface water typically irrigate your going to need to be on a running body of water, right? So I know there's people who might irrigate directly from the route panic. Or maybe if you have if you have a kind of smaller stream on your property in a name and that can make a pond. >> But, you know, the kind of like just dug out farm ponds that aren't built on Crete. >> Those generally aren't gonna provide enough water for irrigating. And then of course, there's if you're not on surface water than your your option is to put a well in and pump groundwater. >> And the good news is There's really good groundwater resources and you're part of the state. >> You know, the more complicated news is that you have to get a permit to do that, which is what I'll talk about on the next slide. >> But in either case, you really do want to think about not what an average year looks like, but about what a drought year looks like, because that's when you really want to irrigate, right? >> And if you put a pond in and you have a Creek on your property, and you're thinking about how much water you can get on an average year. >> Well, the time you really want to get at what irrigation is when it's dry. And if you don't think about those dry conditions, this nice farm pond that you might picture looking like that photograph there on the right side, the sprain, It's not gonna look like that. >> It's going to look a lot more like this. >> So keeping in mind that the times when we need irrigation is when it's dry. >> So if your stream dries up, you know, when I'm on a dry year than it might, it's probably not going to be a very useless source. And then the final tip that I have for perspective irrigators ellipse is making sure that you understand what permitting and reporting requirements would apply to you should you put irrigation and or even if you already have it. >> And you know, I know there's a lot of people who you notice it's confusing system. >> And so there's a lot of questions even for people who already have irrigation in. So the first rule, you know, the first question that you want to figure out is, do I have to get a permit to even start withdrawing water at all. And there are two different permitting programs in Virginia. >> There's a groundwater program in a surface water program. >> So starting with the groundwater program, it only applies to groundwater management in areas which is the eastern shore in the area e sub i 95. >> So assuming that this talk is you have folks who are working with Robbie and Nora and Stephanie, you know, if that would probably apply to you all. And there's also a certain volume of water that you have to be the same for it to apply. >> So if further groundwater permitted, the rule is that if you are pulling over 300 thousand gallons in any single month than this permit, you would have to get a permit for that water withdrawal. >> And a lot of people ask like, Well, how am I supposed to know how much water I'd be pumping? Well, good rule of thumb is that 300 thousand gallons is equivalent to putting one inch of water a week on a field that's 2.75 acres in size. >> So in one inch of water a week is, I think probably a typical amount that you might need. >> And, you know, August, September, that kind of period of the year. >> So here you are getting an area larger than that, are thinking about irrigating with groundwater, then that's, you know, you're going to have to go through that process of getting up. >> And I'm not gonna lie to you. >> It you know, it takes time and it is a process, but its there's there's people available both at dequeue as well as consultants we've worked with that can really help you through that process and make sure that, you know you're kind of on the right side of things from the start so that you don't get any surprises when you've already sunk a bunch of time into this process. So that's the groundwater program on surface water program is different. It applies across the entire state, so it doesn't matter where you are, but the volume is different. So to require a certain need, a surface water permit, you have to be pumping over 1 million gallons >> A single mind. >> And again, good rule of thumb here is that's 12 a week of nine acres. >> So if you're talking about you're getting an area larger than that, then again, this would probably apply to you. >> The one exception is if you're in tidal waters, that volume goes up significantly to 60 million gallons. >> But of course, tidal waters, you also have to start thinking about salinity issues and things like that. >> So so those are the two permitting requirements and then there's also a reporting requirement. And this is a rule that requires you to report the amount of water that you use TVD EQ each year so that they understand, you know, how much water is being used and make sure there's enough to go around. >> So for that is again, 1 million gallons in any single month. >> So again, think of that nine acre threshold. And this one applies to surface and or anti groundwater. So regardless of where your water is, kind come if you're over that 1 million threshold, you should be reporting that worries. >> And I know nobody likes dealing with this and it particularly that smother the permitting site can be a you know, it takes some time and it's a bureaucracy, but it's important to kind of keep in mind the rationale for all this. You know, you don't have to look too far to find places where they've let too many people pub in, you know, like the out in the Midwest, there are places where the aquifer is going down. >> And so year after year, people have to put new Wells and just to get the water that they've been using historically. So that's that's the situation that they're trying to avoid. You know, that's not good for anybody. You know, they don't want resources dropping too low to where people don't have the water they need. >> So it takes some time and it's a process, but the ultimate goal is making sure that, you know, once you go through it, you'll have access to that water for a good bit of time. So those are my three tips for prospective irrigators. >> People thinking about it. >> What about people who are all already irrigating? >> What can you do to make sure that all that money that you put into that system is really getting bang for your buck. >> And the three tips that I have on that end are first, to be proactive about checking in, maintaining your irrigation system. >> And I think too often people realize there's a problem with their system when it becomes really visible and apparent, right? >> They see that there is a spot on their field that's just getting stressed way earlier than another spot. >> Or they are they are visibly see the leaks coming out of pi aids, that kind of thing. And a lot of times by the time those problems, by the time you can CM, they've gotten so big that it's going to take a lot of time and money to get them fixed and get that system working right again. >> And there are things that you can do ahead of that to make sure it never gets to that point and keep things in the range where it's a lot easier to address. >> And so, you know, there's a few different things that you can do to just kinda test your system and make sure it's working the way that you want it to. >> Just simple things like putting cash cans out in the field and just seeing, you know, I thought that I put a half-inch water across my whole field. >> Is that what came out, writer? Is it possible that maybe there's certain sprinklers or emitters and a drip system. There are clog checking the pressure, the water coming out. >> And this can help you spot problems early on and they cost little or nothing to go on do >> And in particular, I know there's not a lot of people who are using drip on row crops, but if you knew a drip for vegetable side production or anything like that, it is really important for drip systems too because they get their kind of sensitive to water quality clogging and things like that. >> So we have a bulletins specifically about doing these kinds of tests for drip systems. >> But you know, if this is something that you're interested in doing, there's resources I can share about doing it for overhead systems as well. >> And so that's a good way to avoid these kind of big problems. >> I can end up costing a lot of money to you want to go to 1 second tip tend to get more bang for your buck from irrigating is to just be thoughtful about irrigation timing. >> In really, there's, you know, this is something that doesn't get a lot of attention, but it can result in really big differences in terms of the amount of money that you can make off of irrigating. And 11 study that was done on cotton found that bad irrigation timing could cost up to $750 per acre. So this is not a trivial amount. >> And the thing that kills me about it when I see it as it's something that's totally avoidable, right? And so you really hate to see someone who goes to all the time and money. If putting an irrigation system in, in then, you know, is still letting their plants get stress because they think, okay, I'm going to turn the irrigation on when they see a drying out. Well, when you see a drying out here, they've probably already experience some stress that's going to ultimately impact yields. >> So there's different approaches that you can take to irrigation scheduling. >> I mean, one thing that can work great as putting soil sensors in the ground and just getting that really good data that tells you what's happening below the surface. >> So you know, when there's sufficient water than when there's not. >> And, you know, sensors in particular, something that I think can pay for themselves pretty quick in terms of the additional returns you can get as long as you have a good sense of how to use that data. >> And that's something that we have a publication on that that's just getting finalized through peer review process right now, but that should be out soon. >> So we'll have some information on that that I can share. There's also, if you're not interested in putting the money into getting a sensor, there's what we call checkbook methods. And they're called checkbook methods because if you think about balancing a checkbook, you basically keep track of the money that goes into your checking account. You keep track of what you spend and that tells you at any given time how much isn't there. >> And that's the exact same idea with irrigation scheduling, except you're doing Baader. >> So you keep track of the water that goes in from rainfall or irrigation. >> You estimate the water that comes out through plant water use. >> And that tells you at any given time how much water is in mass oil and you need to add more. >> And the nice thing about those methods is there's quite a few tools and resources online that'll kinda walk you through these calculations and use data that you can just pull off the internet. So you don't, you know, you really ought to spend any money at all to do that type of approach a bunch, but you might deal with. >> So there's different ways you can go about this. >> But even if you don't want to get into the weeds of doing a really precise irrigation scheduling approach. There are certain rules of thumb that I think can be useful in terms of just making sure that you're not waiting too long and letting your plants But also that you're not putting too much water on and thus wasting, wasting fuel. >> It probably causes the nutrients throughout the field. >> You know, you don't want to be doing that either. And so, you know, two basic things that I think can be helpful in doing that. >> Our first understanding, when is the plant most water sensitive, and also understanding about how much water does it use at different times during the growing season? And so those are kind of two different questions. One is saying, you know, if the water at the plant doesn't get the water it needs, how bad is that? >> Right? There's certainly times in a plant's growth stage where that's really a problem, It's really harmful. And there are other times where it really doesn't matter too much at all. And so having a sense of that, I think can be useful in terms of knowing when vocab really should make sure that I'm putting plenty of water on right now. And then same thing when, you know, when it's using a lot of water that can give you a sense of okay, even though it rained this week, the plant could probably benefit from some irrigation, particularly during kind of peak water use period. >> It can be using up to a couple inches of water a week. >> And so if you don't get that full amount from rainfall, some supplemental irrigation can be beneficial in, for most row crops like corn and soy. >> Those, those times kind of align with each other, like, you know, corn, the water. >> And the period is the soaking period. >> And that's also when it's typically using, you know, up to like about two inches a water week cell? >> Yes, some vegetables respond a little differently where the sensitive period doesn't necessarily align with what do using as much water. But row crops, they tend to line up pretty well. >> So knowing those periods, you know, silting, blooming, beaten file_name. In a lot of cases, it's kind of when the kind of fruit is developing for vegetables, those can be useful for knowing. >> This is when I really need to make sure I'm putting enough water on and making sure that the crops NYC line. >> So obviously you can you can take this much further and do much more detailed scheduling, but I think this can be good and a place to start for folks that are interested in going mouthful out. >> And then the final tip for getting more bang for your buck in terms of irrigation is understanding irrigation water quality and some of the risks that can come up depending on the quality of the source of water that you're using. And so the potential water quality issues that you're going to encounter typically depend on both a source of water you're using as well as where you're located and state. >> And so if you're using surface water, the CO2 issues that you've see, what particularly for where ya'll are out near the coast, you have to think about salinity. And if you know, you might be getting some, some salt in the water that's going onto your fields. >> And then there can also be bacterial issues. >> And that's something that we tend to think about the most for like fresh produce and particularly what is minerals. >> But it can be important for the irrigation system itself. This because when you have like, you know, algae and bacteria growing in your irrigation system, that means that you're >> You know, pipes and can start looking a lot like that picture there on the right where they can get kind of nasty. >> So that's surface water or groundwater. >> Again, if you're in a coastal area, we we have actually seen some what we call saltwater intrusion and some coastal groundwater wells, which is, you know, kind of what it sounds like when salt water from the ocean starts singing intrude into that freshwater aquifer. >> And then some of those wells can start pumping, say losing water. >> And then the other issue that comes up a lot is if you have a bedrock Well, you can have issues iron, but that's really more yeah, that's that's not something that is probably going to be an issue over it the state as much. >> So you know, and again, I should I guess explain these other pictures that I've got on here. >> These are all these to bottom pictures are our salt damage basically on that, on a plant on the right and then on field on the left. >> And that's the thing that's really, you know, you have to be careful about with saline water is that I think we tend to think of that in terms of it can damage crops. >> But what can be really harmful is the damage it does to the land and the soil. >> And so being aware of, of that can be really important in terms of making sure that not just that you're yields, that you're good, but that the, the soil stays productive long-term. >> I've just talk a little bit more about salinity issue. >> You know, one thing to keep in mind, this can arise from different things. >> So of course, if you're irrigating from wherever this title, you know, you're going to typically expect to see some salinity in there and it's going to change through time, right as the tides go up, usually that saltwater is kind of pushed back further into the stream. When water levels in the river coming into it are low, then that's all waters and push up and this salinity concentrations will be higher. >> So it's not like there's one number that's always going to apply. It can infiltrate into groundwater wells, like I said. >> And then another thing that I've heard of happening and had people ask me about, when you have pawns, you know that there are in a coastal area, they can get flooded with salt water during, you know, during bad storms. >> And so, you know, if you have your irrigation, pollen gets flooded in a storm, then that might be basically not usable for the rest of the season. >> So they can arise from different things. >> Yeah. >> And the best way to now know what the salinity is is to test it. >> And you can get little handheld meters that will do this for you. You only need descended into a lab. >> And then the other thing that I should mention, just to give credit, is that Stephanie and Robbie are actually doing some sampling this summer to have us get a better sense of what salinity concentrations are in the rap mechanic and how they change with the tides and the water levels and things like that. >> So hopefully we'll have some, some good data to share on that by the, by the time this season's done. >> So I'm appreciative with them, but for them for doing that work. >> But yeah. >> So those are my 33 top tips. >> Any of these you know, I know this was kind of a overview type of discussion, but any of these things, you know, we have additional resources through cooperative extension that can help walk you through some more details of how to do these things. >> You know, different fact sheets and things like that that I'm happy to share. And those are all, all available on this specific website. >> This is the water in irrigation page or on the extension website. >> And so those are all there. And then of course, you can always reach out to me directly. That's my email and phone right there. So you can reach me and I'm happy to answer any questions you have moving forward. >> But I guess with that, I'm happy to take any questions I would like to discuss now as well. Alright. >> Thanks, Julie. >> Appreciate you joining us this morning to night. Great presentation. I'd see I guess we'll go ahead and get started with questions or comments. I see we've got a question here in the chat box. >> And I was kind of thinking the same thing. >> The question is, in terms of water conservation, had there been any studies on irrigation efficiency, loss of water through evaporation or irrigating at night versus irrigating during daylight hours. I guess if you could just maybe touch a little bit on maybe irrigation efficiency as far as timing and that type of thing? >> Yeah, absolutely, absolutely. >> And yeah, it's been studied a lot. >> I mean, particularly out in mimosa that's been out in the western part of the country where it's a lot drier and where they're just under a lot more pressure in terms of making sure there's enough water to go around. >> But a lot of what they found applies here as well. >> And so yeah, there's different things that impacts irrigation efficiency. >> You know, it starts with the irrigation system itself, rightly, different types of systems really vary in terms of how efficient they are. >> And I guess to define what I mean by efficiency. >> And what I mean by that is, you know, the percentage of water for every gallon that you pump out of the ground or out of your pond, how much of that gallon actually ends up on your field in the plains root zone. >> And so for like a big gun, you have hose real type system that's usually about a 60%. >> You know, it's pretty low. >> So you pump a 100 gallons of water, 60 of them are going to end up in the plants root zone and 40 of them will just be lost a lot. A lot of that is evaporation actually for those types of systems is something like a center pivot is usually in the, you know, 8090 range. >> Depends on the type of sprinklers emitters that you have on it. And then a drip system is up in mid-1990s usually. >> So the vast majority of that water does end up right down the roots. >> So the system itself can influence that. This is one of those things that's really impacted by system maintenance because if you imagine of us have a corroded pipe or a leak that's water, that every time you turn it on, it's going to just be lost to some area of your property that you're not trying to irrigate. >> So that's a place where a lot of water can get lost in. Another benefit of doing those types of assessments, to find those things early before you notice that there's some random party your property that's somebody all the time from a leak. >> And then finally there you're right. But this time a day can impact efficiency. And again, this depends a lot on the system. >> Like for a drip system, the time of day is really not tremendously important. >> Whether you put that water honored morning or the day nighttime, you know, you're not gonna lose a lot of it to have operations. >> So those types of systems that matters a lot less, you know, big guns or the other end of the spectrum where it matters a lot. >> And so we typically, for those, you know, what you want to be avoiding is really windy time. >> So usually doing that type of irrigation, like first thing in the morning can be good. >> Just as you said, it's a little less windy there than it is in the afternoon. And then, and then with any sort of surface irrigation where it's a big honor center pivot or just solid set pipe system. >> You want to avoid the water you're going to lose is you're going to lose it because it lands on like beliefs. >> The plant or that kind of sits in the very top shallow part of the soil and it will just evaporate away before the plant's able to use it. >> And so you can minimize that kind of water loss by irrigating either first thing in the morning or late in the day, but avoiding putting water on right during the heat of the day, it's a lot of you'll lose more than outweigh. So yeah, it varies. >> You know, the things that you can do in terms of improving efficiency vary depending on the type of system and all that. >> But it's definitely a worthwhile thing to do because wastewater is wasted money basically. So we want to minimize that as much as you can. >> Julia, I see we've got another question in the chat box here. It says, are there resources available to help with the setup of Furda gating through a center pivot irrigation system? >> Yeah. Yeah. >> So, you know, that's one of those questions. >> I'm kind of realizing that like, you know, I think maybe we need to start writing something on that because I've gotten asked it a lot. >> But what I typically point to be able to do, there's a couple facts that'll kinda walk you through things that you have to consider and doing fertigation. >> Either they're just developed by other extension, other states extension specialists. >> But they again, that's the type of thing that I think is transferable year. >> You can use that information. >> So yeah, there's a couple of sheets that I can share on that, you know, typically it's a fairly straightforward thing to do. >> You know, you, you as long as you can get the, you know, the right types of nutrient mixes and they're pretty clear in terms of labeling when they're compatible with fertigation or not. >> And then it's a matter of, you know, setting up an injection point earlier on four, it goes through the pivot itself. So I'm say, Yeah, it's certainly something you can do. >> I'm getting more and more questions about it spoken. >> I think maybe we need to write something here, but there's a couple bulletins that I can point people towards. >> So that's the type of thing that I would, you know, suggests like reach out to me and I can share some things. >> But, you know, it's kind of, it comes into the way that the system is designed. >> And so it's the type of thing that you want to make sure you've got some good information that really lays out how to do that in a safe and effective way to Julia, would you just take a quick second and touch on maybe the topic of crop tolerances to salinity. I noted that you and I and Stephanie FSM discussion on some crops certainly are not as tolerant to irrigation salinity as others. But could you just maybe touch on that a little bit? >> Or maybe some of our major row crops >> Point producers in the right direction as to maybe some literature or documented tolerance levels for salinity based on some of our our row crops that we produce. >> Mm-hm. Yeah, yeah, certainly. >> So say, Hey, you're totally right, Robbie. >> I mean, we talk about slim, the Like it's a an issue to everything across the board. >> But plants very ally in terms of how much salinity they can tolerate and what their response is going to be. So there's certain, certain types of crops that are kind of known to be more salt-tolerant. >> I usually think of this in terms of vegetables bed, you know, things like broccoli, this obstacle crops, they usually are less sensitive to solve. I'm, you know, corn and calm usually get caught in the middle, like middle range of, you know, they're not particularly tolerant, but they're not particularly sensitive either. >> And then, you know, from what I've seen, so it can be a little more sensitive. But yeah, there's there's you know, usually when people asked me about this, there's some folks at Texas A&M put together a nice table showing different types of crops, what's kinda maximum salinity level that you would want to irrigate with them. >> But instead, that's something that I'm happy to have you share and provide a link to it of interest or concern. >> You know, the key thing to keep in mind with those too though, is that it really is a, you know, it matters a little bit the contacts you. And one thing that we're very fortunate about here in Virginia is that typically nobody, you know, our crops are not getting all of their water from irrigation. >> Yeah, they maybe get some irrigation and then it rains a couple times and then dries out and you need some more irrigation. But they're not exclusively irrigated the way crops out in the western part of our country are. >> And so the benefit of that means that, you know, having the amount of salt they give you apply water that sailing and then it rains. >> You know, some of that is going to wash out. >> And so the risk is not quite as large. But of course, you know, there might be periods where it gets really dry where you're having to irrigate repeatedly. And it's, that's the type of time where you'd want to be really conservative about making sure that you're not getting up into that threshold of where you might see crop damage. >> So yes, I mean, generally speaking, you know, corn, soy or corn or Cotner, kind of middle range. >> So I think it'll be a little more careful. >> But now it's important to kinda keep in mind that broader context of thinking through. >> Ok, if I'm, if I'm thinking about repeatedly irrigating from saline water source, you know, over and over again through August. If he gets really dry, that's kind of a different question then OK. It's been raining have generally been good, but I just need a little bit, maybe hold me over to our friends again. >> You know, you can probably get away a little more in the second situation than you can first. >> So again, there's this nice table that kind of lays out the maximum values. And again, if you have one of these little test kits, you can get those values yourself anytime you need to from your water supply You don't have to send that water off to a lab or anything like that. >> But again, always important to kind of think through the context in which you're, you're irrigating. >> And it's not it's not cut and dry thing where it's like if I'm under that number, I'm fine. >> If it's over, I'm not, you know, it's a little bit fuzzier than that, so you have to be well, does that help, Robbie? >> Yeah. Yeah. That's exactly what I was looking for. >> Julia, just just understand and make folks aware that some crops do you had different tolerances in the point that you made about, you know, if we're right on the threshold of maybe had some solidity concerns. You know, if it's just one or two year negations to hold us over and we get more rainfall. Just something to take into consideration? >> Mm-hm. Yeah. >> Yeah. And the other thing that I would just mention on that same topic relates back to that question of water sources as well. You know, if you're thinking about, you know, spending all this money on irrigation, but you're, you know, from your got pulled from a river that is tidally influence, then, you know, I would really suggest getting a good sense of how salty that water is before you spend that money, because you certainly don't want to do that and then realize you're only water source is something you can't irrigate regularly where. So that's, that's another important thing to think about on the front end of things. I guess we'll go ahead and conclude this morning. >> Julie. Thank you so much. We really appreciate you joining us this morning. >> And you can see on your screen there Julie's contact information. >> If you have particular questions, you can either contact her or any of the ANR agents on the coldest more, we'd be glad to pass that along to Julie and hopefully get some some information for you. We will also share with the recording of this presentation. We will share a lot of those links to those publications that you shared. Julie, great information there for folks that are either consider an irrigation or which has tried to increase the, the of their systems. >> So great, great publications there. >> Lastly, I just would like to remind folks that Stephanie has just put into the chat box here our evaluation link with us. But for those of you that have joined us, if this is your first time for BCA today or a recurring event for you. If you could just please take a few seconds to fill out that online evaluation link. We'd really appreciate that and it'll help us improve the program and also give you an opportunity to share topic ideas with us of things you're interested in or what we can all from future sessions. So we really appreciate it if you could take a few moments and fill out that link there for us. Finally, I would like to thank everyone for joining us again this morning. And I would like to thank the team of agents that make this event possible. We've got lower Maxine a in Hanover County, who is accompanied by her summer intern, Shelly Underwood. We've also got Steffi Rommel checked in Westmoreland County, who is accompanied by her intern, Scala Swan, Mr. Trent Jones in North homeland in Lancaster County. And Mike brought us and Caroline and King George County. So just thank you to all of those agents for for help and to continue to make this effort possible every Thursday morning. And also thank you again, Julie, forward for your time and efforts this morning to share this great presentation with us. We really appreciate you joining us. >> Yes. I would like to remind everyone will be back again next Thursday morning. >> Same time, same place, the link that you have as well as the phone number. So please join us and we will post the recording of this presentation and all previous presentations of VCA today at our YouTube link. So thank you again to everyone. Stay safe and have a great rest of your Thursday. >> Thank you.