Market. It's all yours. >> Thank you for joining us as Mauna Kea Robbie. >> Thanks for having me and for had been weighed Thomas in a David host algebra as well to talk to you a little bit today. So what we wanted to do was discuss some issues that we've seen so far this year with corn here in Virginia and talked a little bit about what we can look forward to as far as soybean fertility. The good news is, is we haven't seen sodium problems yet since they're just growing in the ground. But we do have a few things we can consider and pay attention to for these next few weeks. >> So and invade. >> And Thomas says, our grain specialists and David health hazards hour soybean specialist and myself is to Seoul and nutrient management Extension Specialist from the eastern shore. >> And we just have a few things we're gonna talk about specifically for these systems, largely due to the cold weather. >> I know I always feel like I'm I'm cop an out saying I don't know it's wrong. It must be the weather. >> But certainly this year has been pretty similar to what was seen in both 2016 and in the spring of 2017, where we certainly had been colder than normal. >> So one thing I did when I was preparing for this talk was actually went back to an extension pub that we wrote in the spring of 20170, actually, June second to address some of these same concerns since we are seeing a lot of the same problems and frankly the same weather conditions. >> So this is just one graph that I stole from the National Weather Service showing the temperature and rainfall patterns so far this year. >> And it's pretty apparent when you're looking at the Richmond area, looking through April and May, as this corn has been growing, we certainly know. >> So that's one thing that's really hamper the corn so far this season and has caused a lot of green deficiencies. >> Or it, in which case we'll talk a little bit about is some of the perceived nutrient deficiencies where we really can't say what's wrong, frankly, because the plant doesn't have enough heat units to grep. And similar to thousand again, 2017, again, at least in early May, we did have more rainfall. >> The normal wish again can hamper somebody's grumbling conditions, campaign for nutrient uptake and so forth. >> So this is just a mirror of three years ago and also four years ago. >> So unfortunate, a lot of the same problems have occurred. >> And what we'll do is address some of these experiences to hopefully continue moving forward with a nice corn crop for this year. So just to review a little bit of theory overall, it really doesn't matter what we're talking about, that there's something I'd like to put in every presentation to really hit home. In every presentation is this theory of the law of the minimum. And with this theory dictates is if you pretend that you're soils a barrel, right? >> In every growth parameter and nutrients as slat that your water and your barrels only gonna fill up as much as that shortest slapped, Say, for instance, on this barrel on the left >> The more classic example that we typically show where we have different nutrients is the different barrel slats. And in this case, and which is typical here in Virginia, nitrogen becomes our limiting nutrient. >> What's that? Nitrogen slat is reached, water starts draining out. >> You patch set out with some side dress nitrogen than another nutrient might become deficient and so forth until frankly, nutrients aren't the problem anymore. Now the less cla, classic example, this parallelly sit out, typically show, don't show as much, is on the right here where we look at all the different growth parameters. Because especially in my discipline, we focus so much on research and so much on extension with nutrients that, you know, you gotta make sure that you pay attention to everything, to the whole picture. And certainly in April or May of 2020. >> But heat units and light have been largely the most efficient growth parameter. >> And so if you think about the growing our systems in Virginia, how plants are growing to date for this corn year, certainly feel like heat and light are probably our most efficient slats per se and this growth system. >> And so that's really what we need to have these plants takeoff, start scavenging nutrients down on the soil help increase the soil cycling for nutrients like nitrogen and sulfur and so forth. >> So certainly with, as of yesterday, I think it hit 92 degrees here, only for sure. And certainly I know Virginia many parts for hotter than that. They seek units a, here is Jane Doe, come, don't worry, they're here. And then we'll have probably our next most common limiting parameter of water B in our issue, which will probably start talking about here in the near future, at least here on the eastern shore. I always say, you know, we're only three days away from a drought on the sandy loam, let me say in soil. >> So certainly waters, that other parameter to worry about here in the future. >> But bots, date, heat, and light units have pretty much been the biggest issue that's really hampered plant growth. >> So let's look at somebody's issues specifically that we've seen. We've seen a whole gamut of problems, which is pretty typical in a year. >> It's just this year, we've seen more than probably our fair share, at least compared to last year. >> So this middle slide here is probably my favorite slide that was published showing the different nutrient deficiencies and how different nutrients can express themselves. >> And corn plant tissue here in anywhere, but especially here in Virginia. So on this top leaf, we have a nice green leaf. If United that domain to green leaf tissue screen, everything looks like it's growing well and then you start taking away one of these nutrients. >> Nutrients become deficient, of course, the leaf tissue changes. >> So the second picture here is a phosphorus deficiency where the plant really becomes purple, whether it's the leaf margins are underneath the leaf or so forth. And this also being expressed in this picture in the field here on the left, upper left, where the plants just isn't growing, it's kinda purple tinge to it. Now, one thing that we often get questions about, at least for phosphorus deficiencies, is we have farmers say, look, I have a very hostile tests, phosphorus put out a two, but you started with phosphorus or whatnot. A plant still showing the symptom And that's often because which will hear me say a lot during this talk today. >> If we don't have enough heat units, enough sunlight to make that plan actually Grove for this reeks to really penetrate this two-by-two ban or to grow in the soil is cabbage nutrients. You can have a nutrient deficiency. >> So while the soil itself says everything's fine, we can see these pockets, Papa, where the plant just isn't growing enough to absorb the nutrients that it needs. Another common problem we see here in Virginia that have so far this year is force leaf down, which is the nitrogen deficiency. In this case, right pitcher or bottom left picture. The planet's just a poor growing overall, sclerotic overall yellow plant. So it's really nothing noticeable per se except the plants just yellow. That's a very classic nitrogen deficiency at the node 234 leaf stage. >> And in this case, often again, the nitrogens out there, it just might not be taken that nutrient up yet, as far as this fifth leaf down is a magnesium deficiency, which expresses system symptoms often. >> What we see in this bottom left photo where the veins actually are striping beliefs show like a strike feature often in this case, the soil pH a slave is pretty indicative of not having enough magnesium is here in Virginia. If he's any lampstand, we have magnesium in it. And especially if you use a doll omitting limestone, you typically have enough magnesium for the plant to grow. But again, cold Darwin conditions, you might not see that all your pH might be low on one thing. We'll talk more about this in a few slides. Here in Virginia was seen especially on sandy soils. If somebody's issues where our pH actually drops quicker in sandy soils and some parts of the field are expressed in these low pH symptoms even though we thought the field mom was okay. And then I just want to point this out for the features we go through this growing season. These bottom two leaves that show disease in chemical damage optimal to see plant tissues. There'll be sent to us, pictures will be sent to us where they think it's a nutrient problem. We're actually is something else going wrong. So if you notice just looking at the picture of the disease issues are the chemicals. >> It's not a nice US cements is not symmetry as far as the injury. >> I guess the best way to say it. And if you look at each nutrient deficiencies 1.5 the leaf mares, the other half is symmetrical. >> If you look at these, say, disease in chemical injuries, that's typically not the case. >> So that can be a nice way to say, even though I'm a plant, has marginal necrosis, browning on this bottom leaf, which some might think it's potassium, is probably not because it's not a nice symmetrical entry for that pleasantly. Such as some things to consider, just overall. And it gives you a visual for those of you all that are with us on zoom or Facebook to see what you might have seen or which you might expect this coming growing season. So number one for this year, and I've already alluded to this is it's kind of a cop out. >> I guess this is cold weather in lack of sunshine. >> Because one thing we have to have is that sign does heat units to really make that plant grow. And without that, especially with phosphorous and sulfur nutrients that you really have to scavenge the soil for. This can certainly be an issue. Now, one of the strange things that I guess we've seen this year, as well as using the past, is the plane will be exhibiting an excellent nutrient deficiency symptom visually. Who had to leave striping will have overall yellowing, inner sclerosis in the lifeworld or in the whole plant overall. >> But when you take the plant tissue, the leaf concentration say that that's not an issue. >> And I've seen a lot of fields like that this year. And one thing we typically call this is basically the concentration effect when you talk about this in soil fertility. So what's happened is the plant has in many cases taken up enough nutrients. >> It's just that doesn't have enough heat units to make that plant tissue grow. >> So it's still exhibiting these weird symptoms, but enough nutrients are there. So when that happens, I really can't recommend that a nutrient application, even though it looks like it might be magnesium or looks like it might be software. Because there is enough nutrients in the system, you just have to wait for that plant to catch up to properly use nutrients as far as a growth rate. Now, some, a few things we have seen this year, especially in this silt. >> This is a plant tissue test. On the screen, if you notice everything a sufficient in nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and so forth is sufficient in this plant tissue. So initially looking at this, everything looks fine. >> But when you had these years where the plants just not growing, there's ample nutrients in the field. >> We might start seeing in some of our important ratios become a little off. >> And I don't pay a lot of attention to a lot of the ratios like phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, and whatnot. But what are the ratios we do need to pay attention to is this nitrogen and sulfur ratio. Typically we expect 12 to 15 parts nitrogen for every one part software. And just as an average, many of the private labs say, hey, this ratio should be 13 or so to one or 13.2 to one. And in this case, even though everything was the efficient, the nitrogen and sulfur ratio was 202122 parts nitrogen to one part software, which is higher than we'd like to see. And is it range where we typically might start seeing some visual software symptoms. But especially in the case of this sample, the farmer had applied plenty of software to the fields that we did not recommend. Another sulfur recommendation. Because again, Koppen out to this whether thing, What's that plant really gets enough heat units to start growing. >> These ratios will basically fix themselves, for lack of better words, at least in this case. >> It's, that's one thing to kind of think about. If we say everything looks fine, just wait for the sun to sudden heat, for the plant to grow, for the plant to quote, unquote, grow out of it. This is one thing to consider. Another thing to consider we've seen in a few pockets this year is just wet soils or say a wet spot in your field. >> Often it's the case that a low spot >> A wet spot. >> If you have, say, a three and train them into 24 hours, something like that, the cells become saturated. It may saturate. It stay saturated for an extended period of time, which really can reduce the amount of available air that reached need to further grow. So again, it goes to this root growth and soil penetration that we need also something to consider, which may happen if you have a sustained period of wetness would be denitrification of your fertilizer. So let's say your soil becomes saturated for maybe 34 or five days. We might actually start seeing the microbes start converting some of this nitrate nitrogen in soil solution to a gas and actually loosen it from the field. >> And then also especially on a sandy feel, sandy loam. >> Let me saying it's certainly in the coastal plains. If you have a large rain event saying a 234 inches of rain or say 24-hour period, you might actually start habit some leach and occurring from nitrogen you could have just put out. So if you think about our sandy loam soils, somewhere in the upper one foot, we hold about an incident folder to an inch and a half of water person data done by some researchers at Maryland, an autocrat to Bill and Peter Forster. So just think about that for hold in say an inch and a half of water in that top foot. If you have another two inches of rain fall down and in all penetrates, it doesn't run off. Your replace in that top foot of water and soil solution with fresh rainwater. So certainly you might leak somewhere in a tree. It's a little bit deeper in the soil profile. And again, they might still be there. It's just going to take a while for this nutrients to grow, to penetrate, to scavenge those from the more subsoil. Which leads us to one of our first things we consider. And when we're talking about poor Berlin corn or yellow corn here in Virginia is a nitrogen deficiency. So again, it's a general plan. Yellowing the planes just don't grow their their sclerotic, especially at this 34, I believe, stage. And in this case, if the farmer has put out a lot of nitrogen, say 80 to a 110 pounds or so between herbicide sprays, starter fertilizers just broadcast for lots of applications. >> If you get large rain events, that nitrogen might be gone from the system or at least leached down deeper into that system. >> Other towns, again, you'll see the plant grew out of this is that brick-based deeper discourage these nutrients. >> But I just wanted to show again this growth curve. Some work done in the Midwest that shows nitrogen uptake on our y axis here versus our growing degree days or growth stage on our X axis. And when you start looking at corn growth stage, say V4, V6 before you put that split on, before that coordinates they six leaf stage, we don't need but 25 pounds of nitrogen to be taken up in that plant per acre for optimum growth. >> So just keep that in mind when you're planning your fertilizer regiments for the future is really to try to hold off on putting too much nitrogen fertilizer out. What's harvest had applications or broadcast pre-planning and applications And try to put more this fertilizer on say when you start salad dressing right before that plant really needs that huge shot, him nitrogen that I help reduce losses from your microbial activity or, or leaching or run off. If we do have some of these major rain events. In the reason I just say this is because this year we've already had to name tropical systems. And I know a lot of Virginia did receive a lot of rain from one of those systems. And so certainly before sat addresses, not too early to have large rain events that cause significant nitrogen leaching in these systems. So then we have sulphur, which is always a common question now. It is probably one of my favorite nutrients to talk about. >> Now, just because it's its recommendations that were still developing. >> A lot of folks in Virginia, especially those of you on the northern middle Peninsula, so forth, Southeast, have commonly now to use software in your nitrogen regimes as one of the fertilizer additives. But one of the things about suffers to consider is that in these cool, wet years, it again, has some unique potential to cause issues that we might not typically have suggest for a sulfur deficiency symptomology. It's also a yellow occurring leaf tissue in the plant. The plants of course done it. But when you're looking at the leaf tissue from software because it's an invertible nutrient. >> That yellowing usually happens when you take, when you look at the world with a new leaf tissue is coming out of the plant at that yellow, you probably have a software deficiency as compared to nitrogen, which is use the whole plant or the orderly tissue. >> So that's one way you can kind of distinguish between the two visually. >> But of course, tissue tests can help confirm that. >> But one of the things to consider, especially in years like this where we're a little wet or the normal, a little colder than normal. >> Is that a lot of our sulfur that is available to our crops here in Virginia actually comes from the organic matter or from the subsoil. So when you have cool, wet springs like this, that's inherently some of the issues that you might have is one, it's cool, it's too wet. >> So microbes are not actively cycling this sulfur from the organic matter in these colder soils, which is one issue. So the software is not being relates to sulfate for plants to take up. Another probably might have of course, is to slave roots, right? >> Why you've talked about slight reached growing. >> A lot of our sulfur is deeper in the soil profile. >> So again, slow roots leads to slow scavenging, which might lead to some visual problems that you might not typically of head in that field. Or again, if it's in your starter that simply might not have reached that started for latter yet to capture some of the software nutrients. >> So on the left I have a soil profile. >> So Cornfield, a Typical Production System in eastern Virginia, corn, soybeans, wheat. >> And actually the system had peanuts incorporated into it unless down an egg, so it didn't kill me. >> And if you look at sulfur, it's just a great demonstration to show how suffered leachates in the soil profile and how you might inherently first have as deficient symptom within the implant can eventually scavenged. This suffered as the playing very steeper rate graves deeper. >> For instance, in this example, software is seven ppm in the first six inches and the nap EPO. But if you look down to say 20 introduced, we have 65 part per million software to once that plant root can scavenge that deep, which it will. >> Your plant roots, especially corn roots, can go up to six BD. >> And unrestricted Solar System, there's ample nutrients may be available at the plant just needs to go to. So when you have these cool, wet years, just really further inhibits that potential. >> One kind of slows down our scavenging of these nutrients. >> So number five here. And another common issue we've seen so far in Virginia this year will be a low soil pH. Now, at first glance, one thing you might see is, or thing is that, you know, this could be nitrogen, this could be sulfur, can be manganese, magnesium. Ambitious at a general yellowing of the plant tissue across the field, especially this one part. But when you do a little bit further investigation, one of the first things we'd like to do is of course looking your plant tissue, but also look at your roots like that, but also to take a soil test along this route, visual symptoms to see if maybe it's a low pH, especially in eastern Virginia. >> The sandy soils we start applying and say 8000110 pounds of nitrogen, you quickly can acidify that, say top inch or two inches in our soil profile, especially these no-till systems, and say, when this corn plants bear young, you might actually have some injury to that group from excess aluminum being in Seoul solution. >> And especially one thing to consider too, where you might see this mourn your Sandia parts of your field is that sand ph is generally change quickly, or at least more quicker than clay or silt, loam or loam soil textures, just because same has the lower buffering capacity. So while you can put out less land and race your pH hired, the same thing happens when you say put out, essentially like a nitrogen fertilizer, a softening of fertilizer where that sand pH concentration or pH level can also fall more quickly. And then I think I heard some of the agents discussing this before the presentation started here it is simply corn hybrid, which had a few questions this year regarding when field looks like there's intervene old striping where this field does not. >> And a lot of that could just be hybrid. One thing, it's probably the best photo I've ever had of this example was a field, an Essex in 2017. >> If you look at right of the yellow line in the photo, the plants are green, There was no striping. Everything looked like it was Brooklyn Perfectly, but on the left, the plants generally look more yellow and actually had striping. And the only difference between this field, between the two sides. We took soil samples, we took Lee tissue just for curiosity's sake, more than anything, the only thing difference with a different habit, one habit express this striping one hybrid did not early in the growing season. So just keep that in mind too, especially if you're comparing a field, one field to another field, as compared to say, a problem spot that it could be your overall habits that you selected. So it might yield equally as well in the end, but early on they just look different while they're growing. So what do we do? The first thing is to figure out what should these five or six major issues is your problem? So some pretty common things to do are to first, of course, take tissue cast in soil tests from both a good area and a barrier area. So we can compare them to kinda see what's wrong. As I showed you with the plant tissue early on, is not always very clear, just from taking a bad sample, that we'll find out what's, what's wrong. Everything might show sufficient, but one might have a higher nitrogen sulfur ratio are oftentimes nutrients are fine and something else in the system that's really causing the issue. >> Eight units are no, frankly, Sunshine wasn't always easy to see, but one of the first things to do is to take a good area and compare it to a bad area. He said, when you're thinking about plant tissue, we still have corn in all stages in Virginia. >> I'm some corners, it's basically just coming up here on the shore at least. And I've seen some photos on Facebook where people already have corn chest. >> Ha, so we have all different stages of corn in the ground right now. >> But if your corn steel on the younger side, prior to the fourthly stage, you've got the whole plant from. But the good area, it's one sample, I'm the bad areas one sample, send it off for analysis to try to tease out what Trump and also take a soil sample. If your corn is somewhere between tackling in this fourthly stage, take the leaf immediately below that world. It's a proper leaf tissue plant part to send off to the lab for analysis. And once corn starts joking when I start looking at the corner leaf, now that point is probably not a lot you can do as far as a nutrient perspective. But what that will allow you to do is to figure out what went wrong this year. To say, maybe if you ran out of nitrogen, you need a bit more on the future or to pinpoint where you lost nitrogen or sulfur, or figure out what went wrong in your production system to plan for next year. That's really where that coordinate relief can be really useful. So with that, I'll throw this to Dr. Thompson here. He'll talk a little bit about the P, S and T are the p-side rests on my trait tests in some work that they did to update these recommendations. >> Good morning everybody. Yeah. So, you know, one of the questions that comes up at this time, years is, can I use a nitrate tests to assess how much nitrogen might be available or laughed after a heavy rain. And so one of the tools we have is, is this Pretty scientists Nitrate Test, which is intended to be taken when the, when the corn crop is about 12 inches tall. And in systems that have a history of organic nutrient applications, it can be used to predict further response, IE, the need for additional side dress on nitrogen fertilizer. In 2016, I guess that this work was originally done in the early nineties and a critical threshold established in 2016. We looked at this. They will continue to be questions about whether it's relevant for modern hybrids and yield potential. And so we added in some additional data and moved the line a little bit. In previous years, it was a threshold of about 20 parts per million, or it was 20 parts per million where we said No more side dress nitrogen was needed. And in 23 years ago, we moved that up to 26 parts per million based on the data that we had. The caution I have, I guess what I stress about this is, yes, this can give us a snapshot of how much nitrogen is in the profile if fertilizer has been applied and microbes have acted on it, nitrification has occurred then, yes, this would give us a good picture of how much nitrate nitrogen remained in a profile after a heavy rain or some such. But in systems that don't have a history of manure or organic nutrient applications, this threshold level should probably not be used because the soils that this was developed based on the soles potential to continue to mineralize in from those Slowly sources like manure on and just in a strictly commercial for larger system that that's not decay. >> He wouldn't be reflective. >> So there's some uses for it here in our systems are just commercial as far as an assessment, but the threshold probably don't mean much in those systems thank you. >> Weighed in and they were going to ask questions after. >> So let's go ahead and tuplet soybeans. Like I said, the good news is we have as many problems yet. So we'll just talk a little bit about what's going on here in the future. >> So some of the most common deficiency or at least nutrient issues that we see here in Virginia are on this top left slide. >> Manganese deficiency, Bain trimming green in-between the mains turn yellow or innovate uncle Vs. >> And this is either indicative of a low manganese availability in the soil, whether it's this to draw or a pH is too high, that's the probably the most common case. >> And of course, this can be pretty easily corrected with some, all your applications of manganese. >> Then also we have some issues that have popped up as far as potassium deficiencies. >> Yes, we have higher yields. >> Maybe remove potassium with straw a potassium leaks a little deeper in this whole profile, you might have some marginal, the crisis or yellowing or browning of these swimmingly fishes. >> And one thing I want to stress, especially for soybeans, because it seems like this crop, more than any, it easily expresses a nutrient deficiency when something else is really the problem. And something like nematodes or root disease Certainly cause nutrients to not be taken up with sufficient quantities for that plane to graduate. And so you have a nutrient deficiency, be an Express, but there really is a much larger underlying issue. So just keep that in mind. When say in August, all of a sudden you start seeing some potassium deficiency in the field. Make sure you examine for some of these other causes, especially if you know that you are, the farmer, has put out ample potassium for that crop season, and you can think of no other breeds and why that potassium might not be there. Maybe it's drought situations that can't be taken up. Or frankly, they're just nerve roots left them at plant to take up the potassium. >> That's probably the most common place where we see for potassium nutrient deficiencies being shown here in Virginia. >> So as far as the soybeans, the the biggest thing to do right now are the next two or three weeks. >> It just make sure your soil pH is adequate and check certainly lambdas taking awhile to react. And so if you have a low soil pH, you know, put it out now is certainly needed a too low. >> What I wanted to issue, this is really hard to quantify. But if you think about how microbes grow when the solar system, they basically are optimum growth between say, six to seven PH in the solar system. So while we might not have any other idea that microbes are not ultimately growing at a pages. They Fog Point, Bob, they are inhibitive if you look at microbe growth curves. So in order to have optimum microbial activity or nutrient cycling and for the symbiotic relationship to form nodules. In having your pH is important to have an uncheck somewhere between 67 and from the low end. If you get really low, you might start seeing some molybdenum deficiencies, but I personally am not seen that here in Virginia. >> But if you look in the textbook, that could be some issues. >> So make sure this whole PH is not too low. But but typically when we talk about soybeans, MPH is with the PHP into huh? Anywhere between say 6.8 to 7.04 sol. >> Water pH. >> It's pretty typical to start seeing some manganese deficiencies which can start is, is early, isn't it to three leaf stage? Or it might wait until, say, R1 to start expressing itself in the plan. So it's just a few things to think about as far as pH and some things to monitor. Escher playing grows over the growing season. If you do see some deficiencies for manganese and go ahead and think about Clinton. >> Some manganese in with your herbicides. >> If you see it early on or with somebody you're ET, just make sure everything's compatible with the different products. Of course, there's been a lot of questions as far as pre-plan fertilizer and some things we're seeing here in Virginia regarding suffer and soybeans. There's been a lot of news about soybean software in the popular press. And we've been working on this for about three years now here in Virginia. Dr. Holzer and myself as some studies out, and frankly, we're not ready to give a general recommendation suffers. One of these elements that are, is extremely tricky. And I crop production systems are, you depended so much on organic matter. Cyclin from It's money. Spofford, young D that it's really hard to have a generic sulfur recommendation said. What we do tend to look at is visual symptoms. We can troubleshoot a field if you see it as being an issue. But we don't necessarily recommend that you always go out and apply software to soybeans. >> And this is primarily because we're still working on how this all worked my system. >> And because some years we see some sites with yield responses, often we see no response, no yield increase or decrease. But at some sites here in Virginia, we actually have seen a yield decrease by putting sulfur on as a fertilizer source. So while some sites might have, say, a four to fab Vishal yielded managed patents offer. Some sites have had say for yield or bushel per acre, you'll decrease. So a certainly one thing we're still working on, so I'm not ready to give a generic recommendation for software. But if you do see this, please let us know is we can help you figure out a recommendation to pick sulfur specifically in your situation. Again, there's so many different situations out there that is pretty much a field specific scenario at this point that we need to work on. Then also wanted to talk a little bit about straw. There's a lot of farmers out. There's a cut and barley and started cutting we, and one of the ways that we typically do like to prop up commodity prices and also to help encourage soybean growth is to remove straw from our fields by cell in this straw. But one thing I wanted to really point out with straw is that remember that with every ton of straw, you are removing appreciable and nutrients in that straw. So one of the common things that we typically worry about again, is soybean systems is potassium, especially in our double crop system. Since most farmers apply all of their potassium for both the wheat crop and the soybean crop. But before they plant their wheat or barley and the ball. >> So what that does actually is puts extra potassium in the system, which potentially could be then harvested and cured, awaken this straw. And where this matters and where it really depends on how much is carried away is depends on how much rain we have here in Virginia, we think about potassium in the plant. >> It doesn't really become part of the plant structures just used in for some osmotic activities and whatnot. Not not a plant physiologist, Dr. Holzer cover all that. >> But if you have questions, but potassium is not fixed in the plant tissue. So what that means is what's that plant matures and drives down the seats? Form. >> If we start haven't rain, the rain can actually wash or leach that potassium back out of the plants, draw back into the soil for the soybeans to use. Now in a year, which it looks like this is shaping up to be, where it's now dry. There's not a lot of rain insight for a lot of Virginia and were harvested. >> If there's not a lot of rain, we actually can harvest and we'll bail and carry way more potassium in our straw to think about if it's a lot of rain, hard to Kanban load, test weight wheat >> And at least you've got your potassium back out of your straw for your soybeans. But in a year where you have had tests weight, everything, draft down perfectly, no rain, so great wheat harvest. Then you probably are also effectively selling a lot of potassium in your straw since it did not reach back out. So it's kind of a double-edged sword no matter which way you look at it and your production system. So as far as actual nutrient concentrations, again like acidic, vary a lot. So a few years ago we went through and just looked at a lot of literature in data and found that on average, wheat straw here in bridging had about 0.8% nitrogen, wait, 1, 2% phosphorus, 1.3% potassium, and 0.04% software. So when you go through the gyrations for one ton straw, he's trying to each ton of straw camera made about 16 pounds of nitrogen to phosphorus, about 27 pounds potassium, and about a pound of software. Do you think about a say, add to time and straw yield that's upwards of 50 pounds of potassium or so per acre that might actually be removed from our fields in that strong. So just make sure you take that into consideration if you are contemplating selling your straw because when he gets the gyrations for, say, somebody's five-year price averages straw for the value of the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulphur alone on a fatty price average is worth $25 a time to just make sure you're leads recouping that calls back when you're selling straw on the field. And this does not take into account some of the other things that may hurt your system and along how like removing all this organic matter. But it also does not take into account some of the benefits Arabian your straw, such as better soybean populations, easier to plant and whatnot in your fields. So just a few things to think about, at least for soybeans here as we progress through our growing season. So gamma soybeans, just pay attention to this whole system and really look at everything when you're starting to diagnose nutrient problems. >> Because in this particular photo here on the left, and just looking at this plan, I will just that, hey, this is the classic manganese deficiency. But when you start looking at the whole system, this middle photo shows that clearly there were some herbicide injury that occurred that probably has hampered plant growth or and I should say n, or in this particular field, pulling out some roots, we also see somebody damaged. >> That plant just couldn't scavenge. >> It couldn't find enough nutrients for proper playing growths. >> So again, especially with soybeans, it seems pay attention to everything we're trying to troubleshoot. >> So with that, there's a lot of things to consider with corn. >> What around? We've seen examples of everything pretty much this year. >> And hopefully the sun will help. >> Heat units will help the financial start grow and reach a start elongating and scavenging these nutrients. And the good news is since it is Before side dresser, at least for so early on in the side dress process for a lot of Virginia, you can't take some of these problems if you need it. And for soybeans, so far, so good. >> You just pay attention and remember that straw must pay if you rebel and that in the system. >> So with that, I just want to thank first the Virginia corn board for sponsoring a lot of the research that we've done for sulfur and nitrogen and whatnot, different studies here in Virginia. And also the Soybean Board for sponsoring the work, especially lately with sulfur to tease out some of the software issues. So thank you all for your support on that. Certainly couldn't be done without you. So with that, I don't have any more slides for the formal presentation. But again, wait, Thompson and David households were also on the line here. >> Help answer any questions. >> Or maybe you get a different perspective on some of the things that I've talked about. >> Alright, thank you. >> We appreciate presentation in joining us this morning. Great presentation. >> A lot, a lot of answers for some of the questions we make use of it. It'll be of some benefit to some of our producers and client. I'm just going to scroll through the chat box if SRE with everyone and see what we've got there. And we'll address those questions and comments in and mark way. David, any of you that have answers, comments on these questions, please feel free to chime in and unmute yourself and just go scroll down here and see. I think we did make a comment about purpley and early season is also very hyper specific. So just going back to the comments that Martin read about differences in hybrid reaction to some of these climatic problems that we're seeing. Got a question from David and he asked does the phosphorus to solve a ratio matter. He noticed it was o as well as the nitrogen and sulfur ratio in the report there that you share with us more in any comments on the phosphorus sulfur ratio? >> I myself had never focused on that ratio way. Do you have anything additional as far as that? >> No. I'd say it's not something that I ever look get in that particular case, I think it's a it's a sulfur issue in that tissue sample and it's to show enough effect is adequate phosphorus, but not so forth. All right. The next question we've got here is, is the sulfur at 24 inches plus depth, usually in a solve a plant available form or is the elemental. And if it is elemental, how much microbial activity is generally going on at that to make it available. >> So that's a great question as far as the software dynamics from the soil. So we typically for our research studies have ran both title sulfur, which accounts for elemental, organic and I guess sulfate. Now the plain available inorganic form as well as sulfate. >> And it is one thing we don't talk a lot about is, is the soil does have the ability to hold an ion exchange capacity. >> And if you think about how deep Most of the souls are known, once you get that, you don't have a lot of water movement per se is not very fast to bleach through. >> So what often does happen is the sulphate if it does leach. >> It is in the sulfate form down in the soil profile. So if the plant roots can get down there to get it, there's ample sulfate typically available because you're right, there's not a lot of microbial activity that deep, but there is typically ample sulfate down that deep, especially in systems and southeast Virginia, at least where we often apply gypsum or land plaster for peanuts, will put a lot of sulfate out there and it is leaps down and it still isn't a sulfate form is the plant roots have to get down there and get it. >> All right. Thanks. Mark had another comment here from Ray dominant on the pH issues. Ccpm issues also tend to have multiple deficiency symptoms on various plants in the field. One will nitrogen deficient in another may look zinc deficiency. So I wait. Anything you'd like to comment or add to that? I guess just talking about and you're seeing some of those different deficiency symptoms in NPH issue souls? Not really. I just when you see plants look like multiple plants in the same field, in the same area, the same field. And one looks like it's deficient in this nutrient and another looks like it's deficient and another nutrients pH is often the culprit because of the impact that VA does have. Control of the availability of nutrient release from the soil. Hi David. He says he's, he has seen molybdenum deficiencies, but it's always related to move. So just Just a comment on that. David had anything to add to that? Seem like a so most of these years and years ago when we started putting buffer pH on our soil test. And people are looking at both the pH not applying line, it is clear. It looks just like nitrogen modulation will also be a tissue sample. Clearly see the molybdenum is down, but I have never seen it for the soil pH is say above six validate so is very low. Yeah, that's a really great segue into another question. We got here asking if you could discuss molybdenum in corn production. It seems to be coming up more and more and not sure when it shouldn't be addressed. So maybe Mark away to any comments on that. >> I think if you have any comments weighed. >> But as far as a core, I think David just alluded to the fact that we can actually do have enough in our production systems in our soil as long as your page has adequate give anything additional aid that I was going to say exactly the same thing. >> I mean, 200 bushel corn crop takes up about 0.01 pounds of molybdenum. So tiny, tiny amounts. So if we see deficiencies, it's almost always the case if being driven by ph and availability from the soil. You know, maybe there are some instances, really high yields or along history, very low organic matter, very sandy fields where we might kind of might begin to see those kinds of deficiencies. But it's really rare that is not associated with pH less than 5.5. We had one more question here and I think I think Mark addressed this, but there was a question on tin pass him reach out of straw before the August and no more key touchstone that pretty heavily. So I guess if anybody has more questions related to Just put that back into chatbots or something or if you have any other comments. I think you've covered that pretty well. I do have a couple of questions or comments that were sent in to us anonymously. One goes back to wage comments on Greece side dress nitrate testing. I did get an email from the tap a Hanna office here, VCR office, and they do offer that service. So Bob wearing that have reached out and asked if I would just let everyone know if you are in this area in the middle peninsula, tapping in area that they do offer that ps and T-tests there. So if you're interested in that or would like to have something regarding done, get some samples around, just just let him know. And dp, glad to assist you with that. And you can reach out to either Bob or myself and we'll be glad to get you the contact information help with that. And we also had a a question from someone that asked was any research or comments being done on pivot bio or similar biological nitrogen application? And so that was an anonymous question. Can any of you touch on that? Anything on pivot PIO or similar biological nitrogen products, yes, I can touch on that RAM0. >> So we actually have a pivot bio project this year that's in the ground. >> So we're curious to see how this product may work here in Virginia and Virginia soils. So there's many different products out there. And I think one of the things that pivot is looking at doing is actually encouraging these microbes are, are encouraging the microbial community to help fix nitrogen from the atmosphere as similar to like with C, with soybeans. >> So I guess the take-home point from their product or any product is anything that we can do to make sure that nitrogen is available to stay a corn plant when the plant needs it is useful. >> So there's a lot of slave elites products out there. Yes. And S1, there's a lot of different sulfur coated urea is that can delay the release. So we can help reduce losses, enlarge rain events, but also additives to reduce your ES, activity. It'll plants to reduce gets enough for dribble nitrogen, say with corn in hot conditions are using subsurface application. >> This might fit it in or anything slow released can be beneficial. >> And I think that's what a lot of these products I'm looking to do. So specifically for pivot, we're looking into it. >> It's a tree that they could do that with microbial community. But ultimately the process that they're claiming is that they can, you know, provide nitrogen to corn later in Berlin cities, which is the need. So I guess specifically for that product to be continued, it check back with us later this year. >> But in any of the, any product that you can extend the nitrogen availability ability can be certainly useful. >> Robert, This is David. I'd like to ask more questions about manganese and Mark. Let me tell you what I've seen over the years with soybean. First of all, I've seen more manganese deficiencies in dry years. I've also, when we have a widespread megabase deficiencies or tend to see more until Glenn. >> Then >> The no till and released long-term no-till worm. And last of all, if we've got typically wet soils are also seeing more manganese deficiencies. So would you comment on each of those situations? >> So there's really two things that manganese is taken up as a nn to pledge named sol solution if the element itself. And I guess what typically happens under some conditions you mentioned is just not in that form. So certainly if the pH is high, it's higher. Or as what can a dry situation you have mang, manganese oxides forming little soil moisture or oxygen in the soil, you basically start forming rocks and it's just not available. So you think about your production system, you're specifically you mentioned till vs. no-till. You know, I don't know where it tillage would necessarily play a part except for maybe ph stratification or something like that where maybe it until situation. I guess my question anymore as why somebody telling you, think about our production system now, were they telling to incorporate a lot of nitrogen or I'm sorry, now, didn't tell a lot of Lyon. And were they telling in say by a solid line stabilize? My question is why is my first question because ultimately it's still probably linked to, sorry, aeration or pH. >> Ultimately as far as that availability. So that I guess is pretty specific, maybe no-till situation Ulam on top. >> But you quickly start having say the piece there might be eight, but right below the soil surface, three inches down, it might still be five-point off. >> So there's plenty of manganese available compared to the last point you made. >> Mark last point you made may be accurate. >> But the other thing is and I'm I guess I'm talking about these long-term tilled soils. >> And this goes back years ago. >> Mainland Southeast were still tell him a lot of our cotton soils low organic matter and are just driver. So that's, that's the reason that I gave that, that I would see these tilled fields and they didn't have to be now really talking about continuous no till fields versus some that got till no in-between or just drier soils. Would you speak on these wet soils also? I've I've seen these typically wetter soils, especially down in the Suffolk Alawite where we have a lot us somewhat swampy land, I'm seeing more ph or more manganese deficiencies. >> Those yeah, there's a nice Charlie's mechanism. Dana will because net directly ultimately. >> But you're right. I mean, iPads studies, actually, I pick with thanked for that. But they ultimately today's active >> Soul concentration availability to start with, or you know, pH for availability unless you can think of something else. Wade can ph spiking leaves. >> What are groomed? >> Unusually. >> I mean, when it shouldn't be that high, is it abnormally isn't showing hired and it actually really is. Could that be a case? >> Little wet soil Now? I don't now, not really. >> I don't think the pH should be changing a whole lot unless you're going completely anerobic, which I don't think is your case. I think several days to occur. B, I don't have a good answer. >> 40 data for that one. >> As always, yell did an excellent, excellent job. He covered everything and left people speechless. I guess that's a great thing. So I don't hear any other questions or anybody else can. And then this morning. So I'd just like to take another opportunity and thank Mark and wait and David, we will appreciate shall join us this morning. And Shan, These questions and comments. Great presentation. Thank you for everything that you do and all of your assistance. We know you get a lot of questions and troubleshoot questions, so we appreciate all the help for that. Also thank you to everyone else that joined us as mourn and we appreciate you being here. 11 comment I'll make to finish up. We do as if you had joined us, please. Please. 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